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Term 1 Anatomy > Muscles and Nerves > Flashcards

Muscles and Nerves Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

What are some examples of appendicular muscles?

A

Deltoid and Pectoralis major

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2
Q

What are some examples of axial muscles?

A

Oblique, Rectus abdominis and Intercostal muscles

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3
Q

What is the upper and more medial bony attachment described as?

A

Proximal/ superior attachment
Also known as the origin of the muscle

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4
Q

What is the lower and more lateral bony process described as?

A

Distal/ inferior attachment
Insertion of the muscle

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5
Q

What attaches a muscle to bone?

A

By a tendon - non-fleshy, fibrous and dense regular connective tissue

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6
Q

How does the tendon not tear easily?

A

Fibres of the tendon are embedded in the periosteum of the bone
This anchors the muscle and spreads the force of contraction

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7
Q

What is an aponeurosis tendon?

A

Anterior of the abdominal obliques
Muscle is flat, thin and broad

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8
Q

Which bones are the tendons of biceps brachii attached?

A

Radius and scapula

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9
Q

Describe agonist and antagonist muscles

A

Agonist contracts
Antagonist relaxes due to agonist contracting

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10
Q

Describe synergists

A

Help perform joint movement like an agonist
Stabilise the muscle movement and makes sure range of movement is safe
Assists movement of agonist

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11
Q

Describe fixator/ stabilising muscles

A

Stabilise joint so can move efficiently without dislocation
Ex. rotator cuff muscles around shoulder joint
Each muscle surrounding shoulder is capable of own individual movement

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12
Q

What are muscles generally compartmentalised into?

A

1 - intermuscular fascial septa (separate them into compartments)
2 - common nerves
3 - common actions

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13
Q

Where does the brachial plexus originate?

A

From spinal roots C5-T1

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14
Q

Where does the lumbosacral plexus originate?

A

From spinal nerve root L1-S4

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15
Q

What direction do rectus abdominis fibres travel?

A

Vertically

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16
Q

What is the function of an aponeurosis tendon?

A

Attaches broad/flat muscle to bone and also attaches two broad muscles to each other

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17
Q

Where is the serratus posterior muscle?

A

2 distinct wing shapes on back of torso

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18
Q

How many number of origins does biceps have?

A

2 heads - biceps brachii - anterior compartment of the arm

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19
Q

How many number of origins does the triceps have?

A

3 heads - triceps brachii - posterior compartment of the arm

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20
Q

How many number of origins does the quadriceps have?

A

4 heads - quadriceps femoris - anterior compartment of the thigh

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21
Q

What shape does the deltoid muscle have?

A

Triangular

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22
Q

What does teres mean?

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A

Means rounded

23
Q

How does the diaphragm attach?

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A

Attaches centrally to 3-leafed central tendon and peripherally to various bony structures

24
Q

Where is the extensor digitorum?

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A

In the posterior forearm - has tendons which extend to the fingers

25
Describe a sphincter muscle
Muscle fibres are arranged circularly and thickened around wall of the structure When fibres contract - they close off internal diameter of the tube
26
Where can sphincter muscles be found?
Between stomach and duodenum in GI tract, the anal canal and the anus, urethra and in blood vessels
27
What type of muscle is sphincter muscles made of?
Mostly composed of smooth muscle within the body but can be skeletal when controlling fluids to outside body
28
What bones does the sternocleidomastoid attach to?
Sternum Mastoid process Clavicle
29
Describe skeletal muscle
Striations Peripheral nuclei Multinucleated Non -branching fibres
30
Describe cardiac muscle
Striations Intercalated discs seen Cells of cardiac muscle have one nucleus
31
Describe smooth muscle
No striations Fibres lying parallel One nucleus per fibre
32
Define the term motor unit
Individual motor neuron and all the muscle fibres it innervates
33
What can be seen in a motor unit?
Nerve fibres - motor or sensory Muscle fibres Neuromuscular junction (nucleus/ motor end plate)
34
What functional muscle group is lost function when a wrist drop happens?
Posterior forearm
35
What type of information is carried in the anterior horn and posterior horn of the spinal cord?
Anterior -motor Posterior - sensory
36
What type of information id carried in the dorsal root and ventral root?
Dorsal root - sensory Ventral root - motor Dorsal root ganglion - sensory
37
What type of information is carries in the mixed spinal nerve, anterior and posterior ramus?
Mixed - both Anterior and posterior ramus - both motor and sensory
38
Explain the dorsal ramus
Passes posteriorly to segmentally to supply the main muscle of back and skin overlying it with motor and sensory fibres
39
Describe the ventral ramus?
Passes laterally and then forward to segmentally innervate the muscles of anterolateral thoracic, abdominal walls and skin overlying these muscles
40
Describe cutaneous innervation
Refers to the area of the skin which is supplied by a specific cutaneous nerve - fibres from spinal nerve (combination)
41
What is a dermatome?
An area of skin served by a signal spinal nerve - arising from only one level of the spinal cord
42
Where are cutaneous and dermatomes the same?
In the thorax and abdomen Because cutaneous nerves supplying that area are single spinal nerves
43
Why is cutaneous and dermatomes nerve supply not the same?
Dermatomal area is narrower - more specific area as by a single spinal nerve
44
What joint occurs in the midline of the trunk at dermatome?
Shoulder
45
What surface feature of the body is found at dermatome T4?
Nipples
46
What surface body marks are at dermatome T10?
Belly Button
47
What is seen in the structure of a nerve?
Epineurium, axon, blood vessels, Fasciculus, Perineurium and endoneurium
48
Describe myelin
Fatty white substance that surrounds axon of some nerve cells, forming an electrically insulating layer Secreted by Schwann cells
49
What is the endoneurium?
Layer of delicate connective tissue around myelin sheath of each nerve fibre
50
What is a fascicle?
Bundle of fibres
51
What is the perineurium?
A protective sheath which surround a bundle of fibres - fascicle
52
What is the epineurium?
Sheath containing fatty tissue and blood supply surrounding large nerves - multiple fascicles
53
What is in the structure if a neuron cell body?
Axon hillock, soma and dendrite
54
What type of nerves would you find at vertebral level L4 in the spinal nerve?
Motor, sensory and sympathetic

Term 1 Anatomy (4 decks)

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