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Term 1 Anatomy > Muscles and Nerves > Flashcards

Muscles and Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What are some examples of appendicular muscles?

A

Deltoid and Pectoralis major

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2
Q

What are some examples of axial muscles?

A

Oblique, Rectus abdominis and Intercostal muscles

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3
Q

What is the upper and more medial bony attachment described as?

A

Proximal/ superior attachment
Also known as the origin of the muscle

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4
Q

What is the lower and more lateral bony process described as?

A

Distal/ inferior attachment
Insertion of the muscle

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5
Q

What attaches a muscle to bone?

A

By a tendon - non-fleshy, fibrous and dense regular connective tissue

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6
Q

How does the tendon not tear easily?

A

Fibres of the tendon are embedded in the periosteum of the bone
This anchors the muscle and spreads the force of contraction

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7
Q

What is an aponeurosis tendon?

A

Anterior of the abdominal obliques
Muscle is flat, thin and broad

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8
Q

Which bones are the tendons of biceps brachii attached?

A

Radius and scapula

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9
Q

Describe agonist and antagonist muscles

A

Agonist contracts
Antagonist relaxes due to agonist contracting

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10
Q

Describe synergists

A

Help perform joint movement like an agonist
Stabilise the muscle movement and makes sure range of movement is safe
Assists movement of agonist

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11
Q

Describe fixator/ stabilising muscles

A

Stabilise joint so can move efficiently without dislocation
Ex. rotator cuff muscles around shoulder joint
Each muscle surrounding shoulder is capable of own individual movement

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12
Q

What are muscles generally compartmentalised into?

A

1 - intermuscular fascial septa (separate them into compartments)
2 - common nerves
3 - common actions

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13
Q

Where does the brachial plexus originate?

A

From spinal roots C5-T1

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14
Q

Where does the lumbosacral plexus originate?

A

From spinal nerve root L1-S4

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15
Q

What direction do rectus abdominis fibres travel?

A

Vertically

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16
Q

What is the function of an aponeurosis tendon?

A

Attaches broad/flat muscle to bone and also attaches two broad muscles to each other

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17
Q

Where is the serratus posterior muscle?

A

2 distinct wing shapes on back of torso

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18
Q

How many number of origins does biceps have?

A

2 heads - biceps brachii - anterior compartment of the arm

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19
Q

How many number of origins does the triceps have?

A

3 heads - triceps brachii - posterior compartment of the arm

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20
Q

How many number of origins does the quadriceps have?

A

4 heads - quadriceps femoris - anterior compartment of the thigh

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21
Q

What shape does the deltoid muscle have?

A

Triangular

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22
Q

What does teres mean?

A

Means rounded

23
Q

How does the diaphragm attach?

A

Attaches centrally to 3-leafed central tendon and peripherally to various bony structures

24
Q

Where is the extensor digitorum?

A

In the posterior forearm - has tendons which extend to the fingers

25
Q

Describe a sphincter muscle

A

Muscle fibres are arranged circularly and thickened around wall of the structure
When fibres contract - they close off internal diameter of the tube

26
Q

Where can sphincter muscles be found?

A

Between stomach and duodenum in GI tract, the anal canal and the anus, urethra and in blood vessels

27
Q

What type of muscle is sphincter muscles made of?

A

Mostly composed of smooth muscle within the body but can be skeletal when controlling fluids to outside body

28
Q

What bones does the sternocleidomastoid attach to?

A

Sternum
Mastoid process
Clavicle

29
Q

Describe skeletal muscle

A

Striations
Peripheral nuclei
Multinucleated
Non -branching fibres

30
Q

Describe cardiac muscle

A

Striations
Intercalated discs seen
Cells of cardiac muscle have one nucleus

31
Q

Describe smooth muscle

A

No striations
Fibres lying parallel
One nucleus per fibre

32
Q

Define the term motor unit

A

Individual motor neuron and all the muscle fibres it innervates

33
Q

What can be seen in a motor unit?

A

Nerve fibres - motor or sensory
Muscle fibres
Neuromuscular junction (nucleus/ motor end plate)

34
Q

What functional muscle group is lost function when a wrist drop happens?

A

Posterior forearm

35
Q

What type of information is carried in the anterior horn and posterior horn of the spinal cord?

A

Anterior -motor
Posterior - sensory

36
Q

What type of information id carried in the dorsal root and ventral root?

A

Dorsal root - sensory
Ventral root - motor
Dorsal root ganglion - sensory

37
Q

What type of information is carries in the mixed spinal nerve, anterior and posterior ramus?

A

Mixed - both
Anterior and posterior ramus - both motor and sensory

38
Q

Explain the dorsal ramus

A

Passes posteriorly to segmentally to supply the main muscle of back and skin overlying it with motor and sensory fibres

39
Q

Describe the ventral ramus?

A

Passes laterally and then forward to segmentally innervate the muscles of anterolateral thoracic, abdominal walls and skin overlying these muscles

40
Q

Describe cutaneous innervation

A

Refers to the area of the skin which is supplied by a specific cutaneous nerve - fibres from spinal nerve (combination)

41
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

An area of skin served by a signal spinal nerve - arising from only one level of the spinal cord

42
Q

Where are cutaneous and dermatomes the same?

A

In the thorax and abdomen
Because cutaneous nerves supplying that area are single spinal nerves

43
Q

Why is cutaneous and dermatomes nerve supply not the same?

A

Dermatomal area is narrower - more specific area as by a single spinal nerve

44
Q

What joint occurs in the midline of the trunk at dermatome?

A

Shoulder

45
Q

What surface feature of the body is found at dermatome T4?

A

Nipples

46
Q

What surface body marks are at dermatome T10?

A

Belly Button

47
Q

What is seen in the structure of a nerve?

A

Epineurium, axon, blood vessels, Fasciculus, Perineurium and endoneurium

48
Q

Describe myelin

A

Fatty white substance that surrounds axon of some nerve cells, forming an electrically insulating layer
Secreted by Schwann cells

49
Q

What is the endoneurium?

A

Layer of delicate connective tissue around myelin sheath of each nerve fibre

50
Q

What is a fascicle?

A

Bundle of fibres

51
Q

What is the perineurium?

A

A protective sheath which surround a bundle of fibres - fascicle

52
Q

What is the epineurium?

A

Sheath containing fatty tissue and blood supply surrounding large nerves - multiple fascicles

53
Q

What is in the structure if a neuron cell body?

A

Axon hillock, soma and dendrite

54
Q

What type of nerves would you find at vertebral level L4 in the spinal nerve?

A

Motor, sensory and sympathetic

Term 1 Anatomy (4 decks)

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