Muscles

Question 1

Sternocleidomastoid

Answer 1

> P: long strap-like muscle around the side of the neck (+forms anterior border of posterior triangle of neck)
O: Sternal head = anterior manubrium
: Clavicular head = superior aspect of medial 1/3 of clavicle
I: Lateral 1/3 of superior nuchal line
: mastoid process
A: bilateral flexion (+accessory muscle of respiration)
: ipsilateral side flexion
: contralateral rotation

Question 2

Longus Capitis

Answer 2

> O: Anterior TP of C3-6
I: Anterior occipital bone
A: Bilateral flexion of head + neck
: Ipsilateral side flexion of head + neck

Question 3

Suboccipital flexors

Answer 3

> Rectus capitis lateralis and anterior
(lateral masses of C1 to occiput)
A: Bilateral flexion
: ipsilateral side flexion

Question 4

Longus Colli

Answer 4

> Anterior bodies of T3-C2 + anterior tubercle of C1 to + TPs of C6-C3
A: bilateral flexion of neck
: ipsilateral side flexion

Question 5

Scaleni

Answer 5

> Ant: TP of C3-C6 to rib 1
Mid: TP of C1-C7 to rib 1
Post: TP of C4-C6 to rib 2
A: Bilateral cervical flexion
: Ipsilateral side flexion
: anterior and posterior contralateral rotation
* Thoracic outlet between anterior and middle

Question 6

Trapezius

Answer 6

> O: Medial 1/3 of superior nuchal line + external occipital protuberance
: Ligamentum nuchae
: SP of C7-T12 incl. supraspinous ligs
I: Lateral 1/3 of clavicle (upper fibres only)
A: Bilateral extension of head + neck
: Ipsilateral side flexion
+ shoulder girdle elevation + lateral rotation

Question 7

Splenius Capitis

Answer 7

> O: Ligamentum nuchae
      : SP of C7-T3
> I: Mastoid process
    : Occiput 
     : superior nuchal line 
> A: Bilateral extension of head + neck (powerful)

Question 8

Semispinalis Capitis

Answer 8

> O: TP of T6-C7
> I: Occiput 
> A: Bilateral extension of head + neck 
      : Ipsilateral side flexion 
\+ stability role

Question 9

Erector Spinae

Answer 9

> Iliocostalis Cervicis 
- Rib angles of 6-3 to TP of C6-4
> Longissimus Cervicis 
- TP of T5-T1 to TP of C6-C2
> Longissimus Capitis 
- TP of T5-C4 to mastoid process
> Spinalis Cervicis (absent in most)
- C7 + Lower ligamentum nuchae to SP of C2
> Spinalis Capitis 
- blends with semispinalis capitis

> A: Bilateral extension of head + neck
: Ipsilateral side flexion

Question 10

Suboccipital extensors

Answer 10

> Rectus capitis posterior major + minor

> obliqus capitis superior + inferior

Question 11

Levator Scapulae

Answer 11

> O: TP of C1-4
I: medial border of scapulae between superior angle and medial spine of scapula
A: bilateral extension of neck
: ipsilateral side flexion of neck
+ elevation of scapula (functionally stabilise scapulae + resist depression when carrying weight)

Question 12

Splenius cervicis

Answer 12

> SP of T6-T3 to TP of C3-C1
Bilateral extension of neck
Ipsilateral side flexion
Contralateral rotation

Question 13

Semispinalis Cervicis

Answer 13

> Tp of T6-1 to SP of C5-C1
Bilateral neck extension
Ipsilateral side flexion
+ stability function

Question 14

Fixators

Answer 14

> Multifidus
> intertransversarii 
> interspinales
> rotatores
a.k.a - Transversospinalis muscles