Movements

Question 1

Flexion

Answer 1

> Range = 80 degrees (C0 - C1 ~ 10 degrees)
Limited by:
- Upper cervical: tectorial membrane, posterior atlanto-occipital membrane, alar + cruciform ligament (incl. transverse ligament) + ligametum nuchae
- Lower cervical: pll, flavum, interspinous, nuchae
+ tension in extensors
Produced by:
- Upper: SCM, longus capitis (assisted by rectus capitis anterior and lateralis)
- Lower: SCM, longus colli + scaleni

Question 2

Extension

Answer 2

> Range = 60 degrees (~10 degrees @ C0-C1)
Limited by:
- upper: anterior atlanto- occipital membrane
- lower: anterior longitudinal ligament
+ tension in flexors
Produced by:
- Upper: Trapezius, splenius capitis, erector spinae (incl. semispinalis capitis)
+ Suboccipital extensors
- Lower: levator scapulae, splenius cervicis

Question 3

Side Flexion

Answer 3

> Range = 20-45 degrees each side
Limited by: alar ligaments, intertransverse ligaments + tension in contralateral side
Produced by:
- Upper: SCM, splenius capitis, trapezius, erector spinae
- Lower: Scalenes, splenius cervicis, levator scapulae

Question 4

Rotation

Answer 4

> Range: 70-90 degrees in each direction
Limited by: Alar ligaments, atlanto-occipital membranes, intertransverse ligaments
+ tension in ipsilateral muscles
Produced by:
- Upper: SCM and splenius capitis
- Lower: scalenes anterior and posterior, semispinalis cervicis + splenius cervicis

Question 5

Protraction

Answer 5

> Upper extension and lower flexion
> Upper extension:  
- erector spinae (longissimus capitis, semispinalis capitis)
- splenius capitis 
\+ suboccipital extensors 
> Lower flexion 
- SCM 
- Anterior + middle scaleni 
- longus colli 

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Question 6

Retraction

Answer 6

> Upper flexion and lower extension 
> Lower extension 
- Splenius cervicis 
- semispinalis cervicis 
- longissimus cervicis 
> Upper flexion
- longus capitis 
- rectus capitis anterior + lateralis 
- SCM