Muscles Flashcards
Trapezius
Proximal attachment: medial superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance ligamentum nuchae, and spinous processes of C7-T12.
Distal attachment: Lateral third of the clavicle, the acromion, spine of the scapula, and base of the spine of the scapula.
Action: Retract and upwardly rotate scapula. It can also help extend head on neck if the scapula is stabilized. Upper trapezius can elevate, retract, and upwardly rotate by pulling acromion in an upward + medial direction. The middle trapezius solely retracts the scapula. The lower trapezius depresses, retracts, and upwardly rotate thes scapula by pulling it downward + medially on the root of the spine.
Innervation: spinal accessory (cranial nerve X1) and ventral rami of C3 and C4
Levator Scapulae
Superior attachment: transverse process of C1 to C3 or 4
Inferior attachment: upper medial border of the scapula above the root
Action: elevation and downward rotation of the scapula
Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve C3 & C4
Rhomboid Major & Minor
Proximal attachment: Ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7 to T5 (major is T2 to T5)
Distal attachment: medial border of the scapula from the root of the spine to the inferior angle (minor is to the root of the spine)
Action: Retraction, downward rotation, some elevation of the scapula, and fixes the scapula against the trunk
Innervation: Dorsal Scapular Nerve C5
Latissimus Dorsi
Proximal attachment: Spinous process of T6 to L5, sacrum, iliac crest, lower 3 or 4 ribs, and thoracolumbar fascia
Distal attachment: floor of the bicipital groove and may attach to the inferior angle of the scapula
Action: Extend, adduct, and medially rotate the humerus
Innervation: Thoracodorsal nerve C6-C8
Serratus Anterior:
Proximal attachment: Outer surfaces and superior borders of the first 8 or 9 ribs
Distal attachment: Anterior surface of the medial border of the scapula
Action: Protraction of the shoulder girdle, holds scapula against the thoracic wall, upwardly rotates the scapula
Innervation: Long thoracic nerve
Splenius Capitis and Cervicis
Superior attachment: Capitis to lateral superior nuchal line and mastoid process; cervicis to posterior tubercles of transverse process of C1-4
Inferior attachment: Lower portion of the ligamentum nuchae and spinous process of C7-T4
Action: Acting bilaterally, extends the head and neck. Acting unilaterally, extends and laterally flexes the neck and head to the same side (ipsilateral).
Innervation: Dorsal rami of C4-C6
Iliocostalis
Superior attachment: The angles of the ribs and posterior tubercles of the lower 3-4 cervical vertebrae.
Inferior attachment: posterior lamina of the thoracolumbar fascia, posterior sacrum, iliac crest, dorsal sacroiliac ligaments, spinous and transverse processes of the lower 5-6 cervical vertebrae
Action: Extend and laterally flex the vertebral column
Innervation: dorsal rami of lower thoracic and cervical nerves (cervicis), dorsal rami of thoracic nerves (thorasis), dorsal rami of thoracic and lumbar nerves (lumborum)
Longissimus Capitus
Superior attachment: Posterior aspect of mastoid process of temporal bone
Inferior attachment: Transverse processes of T1-5 and articular processes of lower 4 cervical vertebrae
Action: Bilaterally, extend the head and unilaterally, extend the skull and rotate it ipsilaterally.
Innervation: Dorsal rami of middle and lower cervical nerves
Longissimus Cervicis
Superior attachment: posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of C2-C6 vertebrae
Inferior attachment: Transverse process of T1-T5
Action: Extend and laterally flex the vertebral column
Innervation: dorsal rami of thoracic spinal nerves
Longissimus Thoracis
Superior attachment: Transverse process of all thoracic vertebrae and between tubercles and angles of lower ten ribs
Inferior attachment: Aponeurosis and transverse processes of lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae
Action: extend and laterally flex vertebral column
Innervation: dorsal rami of thoracic spinal nerves
Spinalis Capitis
Spinalis Capitis
Inferior attachment: transverse process of T1-T7 and articular processes of C4-C7
Superior attachment: between the superior and inferior Nuchal lines of the occipital bone
Action: extend the vertebral column
Innervation: dorsal rami of lower cervical and thoracic spinal nerves
Spinalis Cervicis
Inferior attachment: spinous process of T1 and T2 and C7
Superior attachment: spinous process of C2-C3
Action: extend the vertebral column
Innervation: dorsal rami of lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal nerves
Spinalis Thoracis
Inferior attachment: spinous process of T11-L2
Superior attachment: spinous process of T1-T8
Action: extend the vertebral column
Innervation: dorsal rami of thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
Semispinalis Capitis
Inferior attachment: transverse process of T1-T6 and C7 and articular processes of the C4-C6
Superior attachment: between the superior and inferior Nuchal lines of the occipital bone
Action: extend and rotate head to the opposite side
Innervation: dorsal rami of C1-C6
Semispinalis Thoracis
Inferior attachment: transverse process of T7-T12
Superior attachment: spinous process of C6-T4
Action: extend and rotate vertebral column
Innervation: dorsal rami of T1-T6
Semispinalis Cervicis
Inferior attachment: transverse process of T1-T6 and articular processes of C4-C7
Superior attachment: spinous process of C2-C5
Action: extend the thoracic and cervical spine. Unilaterally, rotate thoracic vertebrae towards opposite sides as well as extend it. Also, they extend and laterally flex the cervical vertebrae with some contralateral rotation
Innervation: dorsal rami of C4-C7 and T1-T6
Platysma
Attachments: Skin of anterior neck
Action: Tightens the skin of the neck
Innervation: Facial (Cranial) Nerve V11
Sternocleidomastoid
Superior attachment: mastoid process and lateral superior nuchal line
Inferior attachment: manubrium and medial 1/3 of clavicle
Action: Bilaterally, flexes the head on the neck. Unilaterally, tilts head to the the same side and rotates face toward opposite side
Innervation: Spinal Accessory nerve (X1)
Sternohyoid
Attachments: From posterior surface of the sternum to the hyoid bone
Action: help depress hyoid bone after swallowing, and steady the hyoid bone when the pharynx and tongue contract
Innervation: Ansa Cervicalis (C1-C3)
Omohyoid
Attachments: from the superior border of the scapula to the hyoid bone
Action: help depress hyoid bone after swallowing, and steady the hyoid bone when the pharynx and tongue contract
Innervation: Ansa Cervicalis (C1-C3)
Sternothyroid
Attachments: posterior surface of the sternum to the thyroid cartilage
Action: help depress hyoid bone after swallowing, and steady the hyoid bone when the pharynx and tongue contract
Innervation: Ansa Cervicalis (C1-C3)
Thyrohyoid
Attachments: thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone.
Action: help depress hyoid bone after swallowing, and steady the hyoid bone when the pharynx and tongue contract
Innervation: Ansa Cervicalis (C1-C3)
Suprahyoid (stylohyoid, digastric, mylohyoid, hypoglossus, geniohyoid)
Action: involved with the process of swallowing, depressing the mandible when opening the mouth wide, and protrusion of the tongue.
Anterior Scalene
Attachments: Origin from transverse provess of C3-C6 to common tendon on rib 1
Action: Bilaterally flexes the neck. Can also elevate the first rib during forced inspiration. Unilaterally, laterally flex the neck to the ipsilateral side.
Innervation: Motor branches from the cervical nerves C3-C8
Middle Scalene
Attachments: Origin from transverse process of C2-C6 to common tendon on rib 1
Action: Bilaterally flexes the neck. Can also elevate the first rib during forced inspiration. Unilaterally, laterally flex the neck to the ipsilateral side.
Innervation: Motor branches from the cervical nerves C3-C8
Posterior Scalene
Attachments: Origin from transverse process of C2-C6 to common tendon on second rib
Action: Bilaterally flexes the neck. Can also elevate the second rib during forced inspiration. Unilaterally, laterally flex the neck to the ipsilateral side.
Innervation: Motor branches from the cervical nerves C3-C8
Superior Oblique of Longus Coli
Attachments: Anterior tubercles and transverse processes of the 3rd to 5th cervical vertebrae to the anterior arch of the atlas
Action: Bilaterally, it flexes the neck. Unilaterally, it involves lateral flexion and rotation to the ipsilateral side
Innervation: Cervical and Brachial Plexus of C2-C6
Inferior Oblique of Longus Coli
Attachments: from the bodies of the first 2-3 thoracic vertebrae to the anterior arch of the atlas
Action: Bilaterally, it flexes the neck. Unilaterally, it involves lateral flexion and rotation to the ipsilateral side
Innervation: Cervical and Brachial Plexus of C2-C6
Vertical Portion of Longus Coli
Attachments: from the bodies of the upper 3 thoracic and lower 3 cervical vertebrae to the bodies of the C2-C4
Action: Bilaterally, it flexes the neck. Unilaterally, it involves lateral flexion and rotation to the ipsilateral side
Innervation: Cervical and Brachial Plexus of C2-C6
Longus Capitis
Attachments: from the anterior tubercles of C3-C6 to the external surface of the basilar portion of the occipital bone
Action: Bilaterally, it flexes the head. Unilaterally, it flexes and rotates the skull to the ipsilateral side.
Innervation: Branches of the cervical plexus C1-C3
Rectus Capitis Anterior
Attachments: from the anterior arch of the atlas to the external surface of the basilar portion of the occipital bone.
Action: Bilateral action is to flex the head. Unilaterally, it flexes and rotates the skull to the ipsilateral side
Innervation: Ansa Cervicalis C1-C3
Rectus Capitis Lateralis
Attachments: transverse process of the atlas to the external surface of the basilar portion of the occipital bone.
Action: Stabilizes the skull on C1
Innervation: Ansa Cervicalis C1-C3
Pectoralis Minor
Attachments: coracoid process to anterior surfaces of the 3rd to 5th rib
Action: protraction and downward rotation of the scapula
Innervation: Medial Pectoral Nerve (C8, T1)
Pectoralis Major:
One shoulder girdle that does not attach to scapula but to the bicipital groove of the humerus.
Attachments: Ventral surface of the sternum down to the seventh rib, the sternal half of the clavicle, cartilage of true ribs, and aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle
Action: The clavicular or upper head of the pectoralis major flexes the humerus on the scapula. The lower or sternocostal head adducts and inwardly rotates the humerus on the scapula. Passive action on scapula
Innervation: Medial and Lateral Pectoral Nerves (C5-C8, T1)
Deltoid
Attachments: Anterior runs from superior surface of the lateral third of the clavicle to the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus. Middle runs from the lateral border of acromion process of the scapula to the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus. Posterior runs from the lower border of the crest of the spine of the scapula to the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus.
Action: Main action is to abduct the humerus on the scapula. Anterior flexes and inwardly rotates the humerus. Middle: abduct the humerus
Posterior: extends and outwardly rotates humerus.
Innervation: Axillary Nerve C5-C6
Teres Major
Attachments: lower third of the lateral border of the scapula to the medial lip of the bicipital groove of the humerus
Action: Extend, adduct, and inwardly rotate the humerus
Innervation: Lower subscapular nerve C6-C7
Supraspinatus
rotator cuff
Attachments: superior facet on the greater tubercle of the humerus to the scapula.
Action: begins shoulder abduction
Innervation: Suprascapular nerve C5,C6
Infraspinatus
rotator cuff
Attachments: middle facet on the posterior surface of the greater tubercle of the humerus to the scapula
Action: Outwardly rotates the humerus
Innervation: Suprascapular nerve C5,C6
Teres Minor
rotator cuff
Attachments: Attaches to the lower facet on the posterior surface of the greater tubercle of the humerus to the scapula
Action: outwardly rotates the humerus
Innervation: Axillary Nerve C5
Subscapularis
Attachments: to the lesser tubercle of the humerus
Action: inwardly rotates the humerus
Innervation: Upper and lower subscapular nerve C5,C6
Biceps Brachii
Attachments: (short head) Tip of the coracoid process of the scapula and (long head) supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula to the tuberosity of the radius and bicipita aponeurosis
Action: Supinate and flex the forearm and flex the arm
Innervation: musculocutaneous nerve
Brachialis
Attachments: distal half of the naterior surfce of the humerus to coronoid process and tuberosity of the ulna
Action: flex forearm
Innervation: Musculocutaneous nerve
Coracobrachialis
Attachments: Coracoid process of scapula to middle 1/3 of medial surface of the humerus
Action: flex and adduct arm
Innervation: Musculocutaneous nerve
Triceps Brachii
Attachments: Infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula to the posterior surface of the humerus superior to the radial groove and the posterior surface of the humerus inferior to the radial groove…also to the olecranon of the ulna
Action: extends forearm; long head extends arm
Innervation: Radial nerve
Anconeus
Attachments: lateral epicondyle of the humerus to lateral surface of the olecranon and posterior part of the ulna
Action: extends forearm; abducts ulna during pronation
Innervation: Radial Nerve
Pronator Teres
Attachments: Coronoid process of ulna and medial epicondyles of humerus to lateral surface of radius
Action: Pronate and flex forearm
Innervation: Median nerve
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Attachments: Medial epicondyle of humerus to base of the second metacarpal
Action: Flex and abduct the hand
Innervation: Median Nerve
Palmaris Longus
Attachments: Medial epicondyle of the humerus to the flexor retinaculum and palmer aponeurosis
Action: Flex the hand; tense palmer aponeurosis
Innervation: Median Nerve
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Attachments: Medial epicondyle of the humerus to pisiform, hook of the hamate, and fifth metacarpal
Action: flex and adduct the hand
Innervation: Ulnar Nerve
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
Attachments: Medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna, superior shaft of radius to the middle phalanx of digits 2-4
Action: Flexes proximal interphalangeal joint and assis in flexion of metacarpophalangeal joints
Innervation: Median nerve
Flexor Digitorum Profundus
Attachments: Shaft of the ulna, interosseous membrane to distal phalanx of digits 2-4
Action: Flex distal interphalangeal joint and assist in wrist flexion
Innervation: median nerve (digits 2 & 3) and ulnar nerve (digits 4 &5)
Flexor Policis Longus
Attachments: Anterior surface of the radius, interosseous membrane to the distal phalanx of the thumb
Action: Flex phalanges of the thumb
Innervation: Anterior interosseous nerve
Pronator Quadratus
Attachments: distal 1/4 of anterior ulna to distal 1/4 of anterior radius
Action: Pronates forearm
Innervation: Anterior interosseous nerve
Brachioradilais
Attachments: Proximal 2/3 of lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus to distal radius near styloid process
Action: Flex forearm (especially in thumbs up position)
Innervation: Radial Nerve
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
Attachments: Distal 1/3 of lateral supracondylar rdige of humerus to base of 2nd metacarpal
Action: Extend and abduct hand
Innervation: Radial Nerve
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
Attachment: Lateral epicondyle of humerus to base of 3rd metacarpal
Action: Extend and abduct hand
Innervation: Deep branch of radial nerve
Extensor Digitorum
Attachments: Lateral epicondyle of humerus to extensor expansion of digits 2-5
Action: extends digits 2-5
Innervation: Posterior Interosseous Nerve
Extensor Digiti Minimi
Attachments: Lateral Epicondyle of humerus to extensor expansion of 5th digit
Action: Extends 5th digit
Innervation: Posterior Interosseous Nerve
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Attachments: Lateral epicondyle of humerus and posterior ulna to base of 5th metacarpal
Action: Extend and adduct hand
Innervation: Posterior Interosseous Nerve
Supinator
Attachments: Lateral epicondyle of humerus and supinator crest of ulna to proximal 1/3 of radius
Action: supinate the forearm
Innervation: Deep branch of radial nerve
Abductor Pollicis Longus
Attachment: Posterior aspect of proximal radius, ulna, and interosseous membrane to base of 1st metacarpal
Action: Abduct and extend the thumb
Innervation: Posterior interosseous nerve
Extensor Pollicis Longus
Attachments: posterior aspect of middle 1/3 of ulna and interosseous membrane to base of distal phalanx of the thumb
Action: Extend the thumb
Innervation: Posterior Interosseous nerve
Extensor Pollicis Brevis
Attachments: Posterior aspect of distal 1/3 of radius and interosseous membrane to the base of proximal phalx of thumb
Action: Extend the thumb
Innervation: Posterior interosseous nerve
Extensor Indicis
Attachments: Posterior aspect of distal 1/3 of radius and interosseous membrane to extensor expansion of 2nd digit
Action: Extend the 2nd digit
Innervation: Posterior Interosseous Nerve
