Muscles Flashcards
What are the 3 different types of muscles and where are they found?
How are they similar?
Cardiac muscle (heart)
Smooth muscle (surrounds all tubes in body)
Skeletal muscle (movement of skeleton)
Contains actin & myosin contractile filaments
Cardiac muscle is found in the heart.
Describe its 3 characteristics
Striated appearance due to arrangement of actin & myosin filaments
Involuntary muscles (no nervous input required to make it contract, they’re intrinsically activated & shoe self excitation)
Contracts on all/nothing basis
Smooth muscle is found surrounding all the tubes in the body.
Describe its characteristics (2 & including examples)
Eg/digestive system, blood vessels, reproductive, respiratory, urinary tracts
Involuntary muscle
No striations but arranged to run along, across & obliquely across length of tubes
- as result contraction can cause constriction & dilation when muscle relaxes (involuntary by autonomic nervous system)
Skeletal muscle is found in the skeleton.
Describe its 3 characteristics (excluding ARRANGEMENT)
Voluntary & involuntary (postural muscles adjust skeletal alignment are continuously recruited)
Striated & regularly arranged so fibres contract & shorten along their length, pull on tendons that connect them to bones & produce movement across joints
Number of muscle fibres = virtually fixed at birth but develop in size & strength throughout life
Skeletal muscle is found in the skeleton.
Describe what it’s made up of/wrapped in
2
Muscle = organ made up of cells/muscle fibres/myofibres which are packed together & protected by fascia (connective tissue membranes)
Each cell surrounded by endomysium wrapping & bundled together into fascilles, then wrapped in perimysium sheath, several together then enveloped by epimysium
What 3 things are essential for a muscle to contract?
Store of ATP in sacromere to provide energy
Supply of calcium in sacroplasmic reticulum of muscle fibre
Stimulation from motor neuron to initiate contraction process of specific motor units
To delay fatigue, they contract at different times & are responsible for specific amount of muscle fibres
In relation to muscle contraction what happens inside a relaxed muscle?
Actin & myosin lie alongside each other without interacting, ATP may be present in cell but not used to produce contraction until release of calcium occurs from sacroplasmic reticulum surrounding the muscle cell
Calcium ions=released & react with protein strands wound in actin, moving them to make binding sites on actin molecules available for attachment
Myosin filaments now attach to actin binding sites (this process requires ATP molecules which enable myosin to attach to actin & pull towards centre of sarcomere by pivoting at their base)
Process repeats until stimulation ceases
What are the 2 muscle fibre types and how do they resynthesise?
Type 1 (slow twitch)
- resynthesise ATP aerobically
Type 2 (fast twitch)
2A - resynthesise ATP aerobically & anaerobically (aka fast oxidative glycolytic aka FOG fibres)
2B - generated ATP anaerobically by breaking down glucose to release energy & resynthesise ATP (fast glycolytic aka FG fibres)
Type 1 muscle fibres are slow twitch fibres that resynthesise ATP aerobically.
Outline their 6 characteristics
Contract smoothly & gradually, generating moderate amount of tension
Good supply of capillaries bringing oxygenated blood
Contain large myoglobin stores
Mitochondria act as aerobic power stations within cells which can be increased in number & size by endurance training allowing fibres to contract for longer without fatigue
Contraction will use fat directly during endurance training
Production of ATP aerobically generates water & co2 as metabolic byproducts which are easily removed from muscle cell (bc of this & slow rate of contraction, they’re resistant to fatigue)
Type 2 muscle fibres are fast twitch and there’s type A & B.
Outline some characteristics of Type A
3
Considered intermediate fibre type as they share properties of type 1 & type 2b fibres
These fibres produce greater force than type 1 but less than 2B
Contraction speed=quicker than type 1, slower than 2b
Type 2 muscle fibres are fast twitch and there’s type A & B.
Outline the general characteristics of Type 2 fibres
When stimulated, reach max force of contraction very rapidly (pathway for generating ATP=much quicker in fast twitch than slow twitch as they don’t rely on oxygen supply)
Don’t have mitochondria as they dong rely on aerobic energy system (these lower numbers in cells allow for more room for contractile proteins actin & myosin)
Don’t store myoglobin as require little oxygen to be transported into cells
Type 2 generate ATP by anaerobic glycolysis which can only use glucose as fuel source
What are the 4 muscles in the quadriceps?
Include origins, insertions and actions
R M I L (V)
Rectus femorus
O - pelvis
I - tibia
A - flexion of hip & extension of knee
Vastus Medialis, Intermedius, Lateralis
O - femur
I - tibia
A - extension of knee
What are the 3 muscles in the hamstrings?
Include origins, insertions and actions
B M T (S)
Biceps femorus
O - pelvis
I - tibia & fibula
A - extension of hip & flexion of knee
Semimembranous & semitendonosus
O - pelvis
I - tibia
A - extension of hip & flexion of knee
What are the 4 muscles in the hip flexors?
ILLIACUS
PSOAS MAJOR
TENSOR FASCIA LATAE
SARTORIUS
What are the 3 parts of your adductors?
ADDUCTOR BREVIS
O - pelvis
I - femur
A - adduction & medial rotation of hip
ADDUCTOR LONGUS
O - pelvis
I - femur
A - adduction, flexion, medial rotation of hip
ADDUCTOR MAGNUS
O - pelvis & femur
I - femur
A - adduction, extension & medial rotation of hip
What are the 3 muscles in the glutes?
GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
GLUTEUS MEDIUS
GLUTEUS MINIMUS
What are the 3 muscles below the knee?
Aka calf
TIBIALIS ANTERIOR
SOLEUS
GASTROCNEMIUS
What are the 4 muscles that make your trunk?
E M Q R
ERECTOR SPINAE
MULTIFIDUS
QUADRATUS LUMBORUM
RHOMBOIDS
What are the 4 major muscles in the abdominals?
T I E R
TRANSVERSE ABDOMINALS
INTERNAL OBLIQUES
EXTERNAL OBLIQUES
RECTUS ABDOMINAL
What are the 4 major muscles of the arm?
B B B T
BRACHIALIS
BICEPS BRACHII (2 heads)
BRACHIORADIALIS
TRICEPS BRACHII (3 heads)
Illiacus is a hip flexor. What is the origin, insertion and action?
Origin: pelvis
Insertion: femur
Action: Flexion of hip.
Psoas major is a hip flexor. What is the origin, insertion and action?
Origin: vertebrae
Insertion: femur
Action: Flexion of hip and flexion of vertebral column
Gluteus maximus is a gluteal. What is the origin, insertion and action?
Origin: SPINE, SACRUM, COCCYX & PELVIS
Insertion: FEMUR
Action: Extends and laterally rotates hip. Assists in adduction.
Gluteus medius is a gluteal. What is the origin, insertion and action?
Origin: PELVIS
Insertion: FEMUR
Action: Abduction, lateral and medial rotation of the hip
Gluteus minimus is a gluteal. What is the origin, insertion and action?
Origin: PELVIS
Insertion: FEMUR
Action: Abduction and medial rotation of the hip.
What is the origin, insertion and action of the Tensor Fascia Latae?
Origin: PELVIS
Insertion: TIBIA
Action: Abduction, assists flexion and medial rotation
What is the origin, insertion and action of the Sartorius?
Origin: Pelvis
Insertion: TIBIA
Action: Flexion, abduction and lateral rotation.
Adductor Brevis is an adductor. What is the origin, insertion and action?
Origin: PELVIS
Insertion: FEMUR
Action: Adduction and medial rotation of hip.
Adductor Longus is an adductor. What is the origin, insertion and action?
Origin: PELVIS
Insertion: FEMUR
Action: Adduction, flexion and medial rotation of hip.
Adductor Magnus is an adductor. What is the origin, insertion and action?
Origin: PELVIS & FEMUR
Insertion: FEMUR
Action: Adduction extension and medial rotation of hip
Tibialis Anterior is part of the calf. What is the origin, insertion and action?
Origin: TIBIA
Insertion: TARSALS
Action: Dorsal Flexion of the ankle and inversion
Soleus is part of the calf. What is the origin, insertion and action?
Origin: TIBIA & FIBULA
Insertion: CALCANEUS
Action: Plantar flexion of ankle joint.
Gastrocnemius is part of the calf. What is the origin, insertion and action?
Origin: FEMUR
Insertion: CALCANEUS
Action: Plantar Flexion of ankle, flexion of knee
Erector Spinae is part of the trunk. What is the origin, insertion and action?
Origin: Sacrum, pelvis, vertebrae
Insertion: vertebra, ribs, base of skull
Action: Extension of the spine and head, lateral flexion of the spine
Multifidus is part of the trunk. What is the origin, insertion and action?
Origin: VERTEBRAE
Insertion: VERTEBRAE
Action: Extension and rotation of the spine
Quadratus Lumborum is part of the trunk. What is the origin, insertion and action?
Origin: PELVIS
Insertion: 12th RIB, VERTEBRAE
Action: Lateral flexion
Rhomboids is part of the trunk. What is the origin, insertion and action?
Origin: VERTEBRAE
Insertion: SCAPULA
Action: Stabilizes shoulder, retraction of shoulder girdle and downwards rotation of scapula
Transverse Abdominus is part of the trunk. What is the origin, insertion and action?
Origin: RIBS, PELVIS & FASCIA
Insertion: LINEA ALBA & PELVIS
Action: compression of abdomen
Internal Obliques is part of the trunk. What is the origin, insertion and action?
Origin: PELVIS & FASCIA
Insertion: RIBS, PELVIS & LINE ALBA
Action: Compression of the abdomen, lateral flexion, rotation and flexion of the spine
Internal Obliques is part of the trunk. What is the origin, insertion and action?
Origin: PELVIS & FASCIA
Insertion: RIBS, PELVIS & LINE ALBA
Action: Compression of the abdomen, lateral flexion, rotation and flexion of the spine
External Obliques is part of the trunk. What is the origin, insertion and action?
Origin: RIBS
Insertion: PELVIS & LINEA ALBA
Action: Compression of the abdomen, lateral flexion & rotation
Rectus Abdominal is part of the trunk. What is the origin, insertion and action?
Origin: PELVIS
Insertion: STERNUM and RIBS
Action: Compression of the abdomen, flexion of spine
Explain the skeletal muscle
(Made up of - not structure)
All muscle well supplied with blood vessels carrying nutrients & oxygen & nerve fibres that convey stimulus for contraction
Muscle cell structure=packed with filament of 2 diff proteins (actin-thin filament & myosin-thicker - myosin heads make contact with & pull on actin filament during muscle contraction aka sliding fi
When are type 2 fibres recruited?
Activated at high work rates so cause fatigue quickly
But if intensity’s reduced, lactic acid can be broken down by aerobic energy systems in type 1 fibres & ATP production resumes
What happens towards the end of skeletal muscle?
Collagen fibres become more regularly aligned & denser to form muscle tendon which then fuses with periosteum of bone
Latissimus dorsi is part of the back. What is the origin, insertion and action?
Origin: VERTEBRAE
Insertion: Humerus
Action: Extension, adduction, medial rotation of arm
Trapezius is part of the back. What is the origin, insertion and action?
Origin: Vertebrae, base of skull
Insertion: SCAPULA & CLAVICLE
Action: Lower traps depression, Mid traps retraction, Upper traps elevation of scapula
Levator Scapulae is part of the back. What is the origin, insertion and action?
Origin: VERTEBRAE
Insertion: SCAPULA
Action: Elevation, lateral neck flexion
Deltoid is part of the back. What is the origin, insertion and action?
Origin: CLAVICLE and SCAPULA
Insertion: HUMERUS
Action:
Mid fibres – abduction
Anterior fibres – flexion and medial rotation
Posterior fibres – extension and lateral rotation
Rotator cuff is part of the back. What is the origin, insertion and action?
Origin: Scapula
Insertion: Humerus
Action: Shoulder stabilization, medial/lateral rotation and abduction
Teres Major is part of the back. What is the origin, insertion and action?
Origin: SCAPULA
Insertion: HUMERUS
Action: Medial rotation, Adduction & extension of shoulder
Teres Minor is part of the back. What is the origin, insertion and action?
Origin: SCAPULA
Insertion: HUMERUS
Action: Adduction and lateral rotation of shoulder
What are the 7 muscles in the back?
Latissimus dorsi
Trapezius
Levator Scapulae
Deltoid
Rotator Cuff
Teres Major
Teres Minor
L L D R T T T
What are the 3 muscle in the chest?
Pectoralis Major
Pectoralis Minor
Serratus Anterior
Pectoralis Minor is part of the back. What is the origin, insertion and action?
Origin: RIBS
Insertion: SCAPULA
Action: protraction of scapula, aids breathing
Pectoralis Major is part of the back. What is the origin, insertion and action?
Origin: STERNUM, CLAVICLE, RIBS
Insertion: HUMERUS
Action: horizontal flexion, adduction and medial rotation
Serratus Anterior is part of the back. What is the origin, insertion and action?
Origin: RIBS
Insertion: SCAPULA
Action: Protraction of shoulder girdle upwards rotation of scapula
Brachialis is part of the arm. What is the origin, insertion and action?
Origin: HUMERUS
Insertion: SUPERIOR ULNA
Action: Flexion of elbow
Biceps brachii (2 heads) is part of the arm. What is the origin, insertion and action?
Origin: SCAPULA
Insertion: RADIUS
Action: Flexes elbow, supinates forearm
Brachioradialis is part of the arm. What is the origin, insertion and action?
Origin: HUMERUS
Insertion: RADIUS
Action: Elbow flexion
Triceps brachii (3 heads) is part of the arm. What is the origin, insertion and action?
Origin: SCAPULA and HUMERUS
Insertion: ULNA
Action: Extension of elbow
