Ex phys Flashcards
What is cancellous bone? Give an example of one
Spongey bone tissue/part of bone with honeycomb appearance
Found at the ends of long bones where they flare to form joint (as well as pelvis, skull and vertebrae)
Provides structural support and flexibility without the weight of compact bone (lies alongside and underneath, matrix of strength and min. weight so bones can take stress but easily moved)
Identify the bone classification:
Small & compact in nature (often equal in length & width), consists of cancellous bone surrounded by thin layer of compact bone
Short
Identify the bone classification:
Consists of 2 outer layers of compact bone with cancellous bone between them
Offers protection to internal organs of body
Allow suitable sites for muscle attachment
Flat
What are the 2 stages of bone growth? Include examples of bone classifications for each
Intramembraneous
(bone develops from connective tissue/in membranes eg/flat-skull)
Endochondral
(bone develops by replacing cartilage eg/short&long-femur)
Which type of synovial joint consists of 2 convex an concave surfaces fitting together?
Hinge
A condyloid is a modified what?
Ball and socket
How many valves in heart?
Ateriol valve
Pulmonic valve
Tricuspid
Bicuspid
Describe the cardiac cycle
(2)
2 phases of heartbeat
Contraction phase known as systole
Relaxation phase known as diastole
Complete the sentence relating to blood pressure
The lower number refers to the….pressure (diastole) where heart is at rest and ventricles are….prior to next….and arteries are at rest
Resting
Refilling
Contraction
High blood pressure is when systole and diastole exceed what?
140/90
Name and explain 2 types of hypERtension
Primary hypertension
Persisitent high pressure with no identifiable cause
Secondary hypertension
Can be attributed to several identifiable causes such as obstruction of blood flow
What is considered low blood pressure?
90/60
Coronary circualtory system transports blood between which 2 areas?
Heart
Myocardium
What are the purposes of coronary arteries and veins?
Coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to heart muscle
Cardiac veins drain away blood once it has been deoxygenated
Semi lunar valves (aortic and pulmonic) are loacted between which 2 elemnts of heart?
Between both ventricles and the aorta and pulmonary artery
Name 5 different types of blood vessels
Veins
Venuoles
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Apart from arteries which 2 other blood vessels contains 3 tunicae?
Arterioles
Veins
In which blood vessel does blood start its journey back to heart with waste products?
Venules
Name 3 characteristics of veins
Low blood pressure
Have valves
3 layers on tunica
Lack elastic properties
Describe gaseous exchange
6
- delivery of oxygen from lungs to bloodstream
- elimination of carbon dioxide from bloodstream to lungs
- occurs in lungs in walls of alevoli & network of capillaries
- alveoli share membrane with capillaries where oxygen & carbon dioxide move freely between respiratory system & bloodstream
- oxygen molecules attach to red blood cells which travel back to heart
- carbon dioxide molecules in alveoli are blown out body in next exhalation
Describe 2 muscular/physcial actions that occur during exhalation
Diaphragm returns to dome shape&intercostals relax = thoracic cavity reduces
Lung volume increases = pressure is greater than atospheric so air rushes out
What 2 additional muscles are recruited to assist exhalation when undertaking vigorous exercise ?
Abdominals
Internal intercostals
What is the vasalva effect and how many phases are there?
How does it affect the circulatory system? 3
Forced expiration against closed airway (bracing)
4
-changes blood pressure
-reduces venous return
-reduces cardiac output
What is coronary heart disease and what are 3 factors that increase the risk?
Disease involving narrowing of coronary arteries
Age, smoking, obesity, stress, high blood pressure and cholesterol
What are the 4 sections of the stomach?
Why are there 2 valves?
Body, fundus, pylorus, cardia
Keep contents contained
List and describe 3 functions of the stomach
Mechanical breakdown
churning & contracting of stomach
Chemical breakdown
gastric acid & other enzymes turn food into chime
Absorption of ions, water, lipids (eg/alcohol, caffeine)
Describe the location 3 of the liver and 3 physical terms
Mainly right side of abdomen
Just below diaphragm extneding from one side to other
Above stomach
Largest gland in body
Weighs approx 2kg
Ligament divdes R&L
What is the function of the kidneys? 3
- Bodys filtering system (removes waste product from blood eg/urea, water)
- Reabsorbs water, glucose and amino acids
- Homeostasis (regulate PH, blood pressure and electrolytes)
How do kidneys assist homeostasis? 3
Give acid base balance
Electrolyte regulation
Blood pressure regulation
Where is the stomach located? 4
How many sections are there?
How many layers of smooth muscle are there and what are they?
Upper left abdomen
Between oesophagus & deodenum
Anterior (in front of) pancreas
Below diaphragm
4 (cardia, fundus, body, pylorus - ordered)
3 (ordered)
-longitudinal = outer
-circular = middle
- oblique = inner
Where are the intestines located?
Base of stomach
Extends to anus
Sits in abdominal activity
What 3 parts does the small intestine divide into? DJI
What is the function of the small intestine?
Duodenum
Jejenum
Ileum
Majority of digestion & absorption occurs
Empties into large intestine
What 3 parts does the large intestine divide into? CCA
What is the function of the large intestine?
Cecum
Colon
Anus
Absorbs little except water, some minerals and vitamins
Describe 5 functions of the liver
Regulates metabolic functions
Purifies blood (excretes toxins and waste)
Site for vitamin storage
Creates proteins for blood plasma
Controls blood sugar level
Describe the structure (3) and location (2) of the kidneys
- Bean shape
- Next to main artery & vein
- Ureters link kidneys to bladder
- On either side of spine, located in posterior (behind) lower abdomen
- In line with 12th rib
What 2 parts is blood made up of?
What do they each contain?
Blood plasma
-makes up 55% of blood
-is 91.5% water, 8.5% solutes
Formed elements
-make up 45% of blood
-white blood cells (fight infection&foreign material, make up 1% blood, high levels indiciate infection)
- red blood cells (most common, rich in haemoglobin which binds to oxygen and gives red colour)
- platelets (form clots&release growth factor responsible for regeneration of connective tissue)
What are the 3 functions of blood?
TRANSPORTATION
Oxyegn & carbon dioxide from lungs to cells
Nutrients from GI to cells
Hormones from endocrine glands
REGULATION
Homeostasis Water
Body temp (help maintain core) - (vasocontrcition, vasodilation)
PROTECTION
Fight infection & aid immunity
In relation to blood functions, what is vasoconstriction and vasodilation in relation to regulation of body temperature?
Vasodilation (widen when hot)
Increasing amount & speed of blood flowing to & within skin by widening blood vessels = allows more heat to be lost thereby reducing body temperature
Vasocontriction (smaller)
Narrowing blood vessels means less heat will be lost = maintaining core temperature of body
Define blood pressure and the types
Pressure exerted by circulating blood on walls of blood vessels
Hypertension = High (headaches, blurred vision, chest pain) - Primary & secondary
Hypotension = Low (dizzy, sick, faint, weak)
What is the cardiac cycle?
Define systolic and diastolic in relation to blood pressure
Single heart beat
Contraction - systolic
Relaxation - diastolic
Define stroke volume
Amount of blood pumped from ventricle in 1 beat
Avg 70ml/beat
Define cardiac output
How is it calculated?
Blood pumped out of ventricle in 1 minute
Stroke volume x heart rate
In relation to the anatomy of heart, what are the 4 layers of the heart?
What role does each layer fill?
Pericardium
Encloses sack
Epicardium
Thin outer layer of delicate connective tissue
Gives slippery texture to outer surface
Myocardium
Cardiac muscle makes up most of heart muscle tissue, striated in appearance, needs constant flow of oxygen, thicker
Endocardium
Thinner layer, smooth lining of chambers & valves
What are ligaments?
Found, made up of and how injured
4
Attach bone to bone (&across joints)
Dense collagen fiber
Strongest in direction of pull fibers
Injured as result of shearing forces (acting unaligned forces on body part that has specific direction)
What are tendon?
Found, made up of and how injured
6
Attach muscle to bone
Tightly packed collagen bundles
2x strength of muscles
Flat shape/cord like depending on location
Can withstand friction
Essential in movement of joints
What is the difference between a strain and a sprain?
SPRAIN = injury to ligaments and capsule of a joint in body
STRAIN =injury to muscles or tendons
What are the 3 joint classifications?
Fibrous (immovable eg/connective part of skull)
Cartilaginous (slightly movable (eg/spine)
Synovial (freely movable eg/knee, hip)
-differ as bones are encased in smooth cartilage, connected by joint capsule lined with synovial membrane that produces synovial fluid which protects muscles, cartilage & connective tissue)
What 4 factors affect joint stability?
Shape of articular surfaces (compare hip&shoulder)
Capsule & ligaments/tendons
Muscle tone (tight,secure,stabilise)
Gravity (always acting)
What is the function (1) and structure of arteries/arterioles (3)?
IS BLOOD VESSEL
Carry blood away from heart
-Their structure is adapted for high pressure of blood from heart
- Smooth muscle & surrounding elastic fibres aid in stretching
-Split into smaller arterioles, then capillaries to reach extremities
What is the function (2) of capillaries?
IS BLOOD VESSEL
- Site of exchanged materials between blood & tissue
- Transfer fluid and proteins to tissue cells via osmosis (as goodness leaves, picks up Co2 & urea)
What is the function (1) and structure of veins/venuoles (3)?
IS BLOOD VESSEL
- Transport blood back to heart
- Capillaries form to create venuoles then veins
- They’re inelastic as carry low pressure of blood
- Have valves
What muscles are at rest and which are at work during inspiration of air?
REST
- diaphragm
- external intercostals
RECRUITED
- Scalenes
(by neck & with rib to elevate cage)
- Pectoralis minor
(raise ribs 3-5 & expands thoracic cavity)
- Abdominals
(relax & lengthen diaphragm)
- Internal intercostals
(Raise ribcage)
Outline the process of inspiration of air
3
Diaphragm contracts & flattens so thoracic cavity increases
External intercostals contract, moving ribs up & outwards so volume of thoracic cavity increases
Air pressure in lungs drops below atmospheric pressure where external air flows into lungs as pressure gradient changes
Outline the process of expiration of air
4
Passive process where diaphragm returns to dome shape & intercostals relaxx, reducing thoracic cavity
Lungs recoil, decreasing lung volume
Pressure in thoracic cavity increases where pressure becomes greater than atmospheric pressure
Air rushes out lungs
What is vital capacity in relation to respiratory volumes?
Max amount of air we can forcefully expel after max inhalation
What is tidal volume in relation to respiratory volumes?
Amount of air breathed in & out during normal respiration
What is residual volume in relation to respiratory volumes?
Amount of air remaining after max exhalation
(ensures gaseous exchange continues when were not breathing - alveoli remains inflated with residual volume)
How many bones are in the appendicular part of the skeleton? Which parts are included in this section?
126
Shoulder girdle
Upper limbs
Pelvic girdle
Lower limbs
How many bones are in the axial part of the skeleton? Which parts are included in this section?
80
Skull
Hyoid
Vertebral column
Thorax
How many bones are in each section of the spine?
Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacrum - 5
Cocyx - 4
In relation to risk to life, when was the health and saftey at work made and where is it found?
1974
AP3342
List 4 PED responsibilites
List 4 unit responsibilities
- working conditions
- training & development
- work/service maintenance
- instructors oustide PED around work/rest
- maintain operating systems & procedures
- risk assessments
- sports & specific safety management associated
- engage with H&S on unit to confirm policies & best practice (up to date)
Where are risk assessments found and how long is the assessor course?
AP3342
3 days
What is the immediate action for exertional collapse? (EC)
4 steps
Stop
Evaluate, first aid, hydrate & fan
Dynamic risk assessment (can it go ahead with additional control measures approved by commander or no?)
Report it (raise FSOR, inform DAIB)
report to My Safety
What are the:
8 personal
2 external
4 environmental
risk factors associated with exertional collapse?
P
- dehydrated/stimulants
- prior collapse
- vaccination/illness
- cardiac condition
- excessive motivation
- poor fitness
- fatigue
- sickle cell
EX
- instructors
- stresses (financial&family)
EN
- medication
- unacclimatised
- temp&humidity
- supplements
What are the annexes of JSP 375 associated with heat illness/exertion?
A-H
A - commanders guide to heat illness prevention
B - individuals guide tp heat illness
C - work/rest tables
D - procurement & calibration of wet bulb (QT34)
E - acclimatisation
F - hydration guidance
G - examples of policy compliance
H - basic guidance for all during extreme heat
Risk can be reduced through Universal Training Precautions (UTPs), what are 8 things these may be/include?
- acclimatisation to heat/altitude requires 2-4 weeks to adapt
- progressive & gradual increase in intensity &duration
- hydration sufficient to maintain clear/light yellow urine
- strict adherence to policy & guidelines in JSP 375
- ensure work/rest tables adhered to
- avoid stimulants, alcohol & caffeine
- observe trainees 10 mins post exertion
- ensure med facilities nearby & observe immediate symptoms of distress
What is sickle cell?
What 3 signs are associated with ECAST?
Reduced oxygen levels during max effort casuing some blood cells to deform into sickle shape which can result in blood vessel blockage onto Rhabdo which can lead to blocking of kidneys creating metabolic crisis
- front runner falling back
- wobbly legs, leg pain, swelling of & tight calves
- abdominal pain, tight chest & difficulty breathing
Deterioration is rapid, call 999
What 3 checks must be done daily in order to use the WBGT?
Ensure wick is clean (if not, results in higher readings=being more restrctive than required) and fully wetted
Ensure reservoir filled with distilled water (contaminants like salt can shorten life of wick&stay back after evaporation giving higher readings)
Turn unit on & check battery display reads 6.4V/more
When using the WGBT, what must be monitored?
4
Location
-place in direct sunlight but avoid suntraps
- 1/1.1m above ground
- no obstructions, vehicles/walls
- record positioning
Turn monitor on, allow 10 mins before taking measures, then scroll up & down to find desired variable (same for changing direction/water so sensors stabilise, step away too)
Demonstrate logging mode
If rains, shelter it as will affect heat stress index calcs
What does the WBGT measure?
DRY
Air temp
WET
Humidity (temp through evaporation)
GLOBE
Sun and wind
If dry&wet numbers are close, humidity is high&risk of heat illness increased as prevents sweat evaporating)
Require annual calibration to remain accurate
What happens in Freezing Cold Injury (FCI)?
What happens in Non Freezing Cold Injury (NFCI)?
Parts of body freeze as result of exposure to cold resulting in significant disability (extremities incl fingers and toes)
Injury often to hands/feet by allowing them to remain cold/wet for long periods
Describe frost nip and frost bite
NIP
Suerficial tissue injury (recovery of injured part within 30 mins of rewarming)
BITE
Deeper tissue injury that may result in lasting damage
What is overhydration called?
Hyponatremia
Incl sodium loss
What is compact bone and what tissue surrounds it?
Surface layer of all bones (diaphysis)
Helps protect bones from external impact and has great weight bearing properties
Periosteum completely surrounds the compact bone (is fibrous and extremely vascular=possessed good blood supply)
What is remodelling in relation to bones?
The ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue
Also redistribution of bone tissue along the lines of mechanical stress
