CNS, ENDOCRINE Flashcards
What are the 3 functions of the Central Nervous System?
- to MONITOR internal & external environmental change
- to INTERPRET the changes regarding optimal balance
- to RESPOND by muscular action/hormonal secretion
What are the 2 parts does the Central Nervous System consist of?
Brain
Spinal cord
The body had 2 internal systems (Nervous System & Endocrine System) which share the same aim.
How do they differ?
Communicate differently
What is does the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consist of?
2
It consists of:
- all the nerves carrying sensory information from receptors in the body to the CNS
- motor nerves that carry information from the CNS to the organs/musculature
List the split of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
2/4
Somatic & Autonomic
Then Autonomic splits into:
- sympathetic
- parasympathetic
As the FIRST split of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), what are the roles of the somatic and autonomic branches?
- type of action
- why
Somatic:
- voluntary movement
- used to respond to external stimuli (eg/movement of limb in response to painful touch)
Autonomic:
- involuntary & subconscious actions
- to ensure we sustain life (eg/sweat glands opening when too hot)
-
As the SECOND split of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), what are the roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches?
3 each
Sympathetic:
- responds to stress by initiating fight/flight response
- increases HR
- accelerator
Parasympathetic:
- initiate “rest & digest”
- decreases HR
- Decelerator
To enable communication to take place, the nervous system relies on what 3 nerves to convey information from the CNS to the muscles?
2 for each
Afferent Nerves (SENSORY)
- sends info from organs to CNS
- aka receptor, it monitors changes & transmits these changes along a nerve to interneurons
Interneurons (CONTROL)
- distributes info received from sensory neurons & co ordination of motor activity
- most located in brain and spinal cord
Efferent Nerves (MOTOR)
- from the control centre, signal is transmitted along these nerves to carry out an action (aka effectors)
- eg/movement of limb to change in body to maintain homeostasis
How is the Endocrine System activated?
What does the endocrine system do?
3 total
Is activated by information received from the Nervous System
Results in activation of an endocrine gland to secrete a hormone to then bring about desired change in body to maintain homeostasis
Actions of the endocrine system in facilitating change are slower than that of Nervous System
List the 3 major glands associated with the Endocrine System
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Pancreas gland
Explain where the Pituitary Gland is found in the body and its role in the Endocrine System
Base of brain (receives messages from brain at constant rate)
- mainly produces tropic hormones which stimulate other endocrine glands, causing them to release their hormones
- releases growth hormone responsible for tissue growth, breakdown of lipids, increased blood glucose levels & increased synthesis of glycogen (4)
AKA PRODUCES AND RELEASES
Explain where the Thyroid Gland is found in the body and its role in the Endocrine System
Neck region
- secretes hormones which control metabolism
- controls how quickly body burns energy, makes proteins & how sensitive the body should be to other hormones
Produces thyroxin & calcitonin which plays a role in homeostasis
AKA CONTROLS & PRODUCES
Explain where the Pancreas Gland is found in the body and its role in the Endocrine System
Pancreas
- secretes hormones to control blood glucose levels
- releases insulin & glycogen to assist with maintaining blood glucose balance to minimise the onset of clinal conditions eg/ diabetes mellitus & hyperglycaemia (high blood sugar)
Muscles need energy to contract.
What is the ONLY form of energy muscles can use?
What is this structure?
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
1 x adenosine molecule
3 x phosphate atoms
- attached through a high energy bond
Explain the INITIAL reaction that takes place within ATP
Causes 1 of the phosphate groups to break off & release the energy stored within the bond, resulting in 1 x spare phosphate and Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
ADP can’t be used for energy production
After the initial reaction takes place within ATP, and ADP is left along with a spare phosphate, how does it resynthesise?
Metabolise the energy substrates from food which reattaches the separated phosphate atom
However, fats can only be utilised in the presence of oxygen
List the 3 energy systems
Creatine Phosphate (CP)
Anaerobic Glycolytic (lactic acid)
Aerobic System
As 1/3 energy systems, explain the Creatine Phosphate system
Is a compound stored in the muscles
Energy system that can be utilised for approx 7-10secs, takes 4-6mins to completely recover CP stores to utilise again
There’s a high energy bond between the creatine & phosphate can be broken by creatine kinase (resynthesised to ADP to form ATP & be used)
CP can be synthesised with oxygen but isn’t necessary, so is anaerobic energy
Used in fast explosive activity but is quickly depleted (eg/all out sprint)
As 1/3 energy systems, explain the Anaerobic Glycolytic (lactic acid) system
During initial stages of exercise/high intensities, insufficient oxygen is available to muscles to allow them to produce energy needs aerobically so glucose (from carbs) becomes only macronutrient to be utilised
Lasts for 1-2 mins of high intensity exercise
Anaerobic so has by product of lactic acid (deposits in muscles & inhibits binding sites of actin & myosin, which reduces ability of muscle to contract fully)
- lactate threshold=point oxygen supply can’t meet needs of muscles
As 1/3 energy systems, explain the Aerobic system
Oxygen becomes present in large enough amounts glucose can be broken down completely
At 3 minutes +
By products=co2, water, heat (breathing&sweating)
Now able to use fats where triglycerides are the only chemicals that can be used as major energy sources
- once broken down into basic form of 1 x glycerol & 3 x free fatty acids (FFA) which can be pushed into bloodstream, transported round body & diffused onto muscle fibres
When fully broken down FFAs go on to produce ATP in presence of o2 in much greater number than that of glycosis
Allows us to produce ATP for longer period
List the following details about the each of the 3 energy systems
- contribution time
- activity duration
- intensity
- predominant fuel used
Creatine Phosphate (CP)
- 7-10 seconds
- short
- high
- creatine phosphate
Anaerobic Glycolytic (lactic acid)
- 1-2 minutes
- short to moderate
- high to moderate
- glucose (carbs)
Aerobic System
- 3 minutes+
- long
- moderate to low
- fat
Define posture
The relative alignment of various body segments with one another
It’s the position of the body at rest & during motion (static & dynamic)
Posture is the relative alignment of various body segments with one another and the position of the body at rest & during motion (static & dynamic)
What are the 3 types of posture?
Kyphosis
- excessive thoracic curve = hunchback
Lordosis
- excessive curve in lumbar = bum out
Scoliosis
- spines twisted laterally
As 1/3 types of posture, explain kyphosis
- what it looks like
- who gets it
- how to correct/improve
- excessive thoracic curve = hunchback
- eg/office workers, extended periods at computers with poor posture
- corrected by improving strength & flexibility in upper body muscles
As 1/3 types of posture, explain lordosis
- what it looks like
- who gets it
- how to correct/improve (what would it treat)
- excessive curve in lumbar = bum out
- those with poor postal control related to weak core and/or high levels of fat in lower abdomen
- can place excessive strain on anterior ligaments supporting spinal column & intervertebral discs which can become lengthened over time
- tight hip flexors & hamstrings can cause anterior pelvic tilt causing excessive lordosis in lumbar so programme to stretch these muscles & strength programme for abs & back can improve this
As 1/3 types of posture, explain scoliosis
- what it looks like
- who gets it
- how to correct/improve
- spines twisted laterally
- most types = attributed to genetics & can’t be improved with exercise, some cases due to repeated loading on one side so can be improved with combo of exercise & medical treatment
Posture is the relative alignment of various body segments with one another and the position of the body at rest & during motion (static & dynamic)
What are the 5 factors that can influence posture?
DDNEP
Developmental (bone growth v muscle growth)
Disease (eg/neurological)
Nutritional deficiency
Environmental (eg/job/sport)
Psychological (eg/depression)
The plumb test is used to assess posture
Explain how it is conducted and list where the line runs through the body (landmarks - 11)
Individual stands with feet hip width apart, arms relaxed down sides, eyes forward
Runs through:
- Calcaneocuboid joint
- slightly anterior to lateral malleous
- slightly anterior to centre of knee joint
- slight behind centre of greater trochanter
- through sacral promontory
- through bodies of lumbar vertebrae (back & abdomen)
- through bodies of cervical vertebrae (midway between back & chest)
- through ontoid process of axis
- through shoulder joint
- through auditory meatus (ear lobe)
- slightly posterior to apex of coronal suture (skull)
Define gravity
Force of attraction that moves towards centre of a celestial body eg/moon/earth
What are the 3 things lever systems consist of?
Lever (bones-eg/long lever can give mechanical advantage where large load can be moved with small effort)
Fulcrum (pivot point-joints)
Effort (force-muscle contracts)
(For middle of different systems use FLE)
What are the 3 classified lever systems?
First class lever
L, F, E
Eg: crow bar, traps give effort in neck to hold load of head across fulcrum of occipital joint
Second class lever
F, L, E
Eg: wheelbarrow, calf raise
Third class lever
L, E, F
Eg: chopsticks, bicep curl
What is biomechanics?
Discipline primarily involved in describing & understanding the mechanical causes of human movement
Study of forces & torques that cause movement aka kinetics & describing the resulting motion (kinematics)
Biomechanics is the discipline primarily involved in describing & understanding the mechanical causes of human movement. It’s the study of forces & torques that cause movement aka kinetics & describing the resulting motion (kinematics)
When relating biomechanics to walking/running activities what 5 points are raised?
Contact of foot on base surface
Position of knee in relation to foot orientation
Control of hips in stabilising the superior lower limb
Stride length of walking/running gait
Position of trunk & arms in relation to lower body movement
In relation to biomechanics, the gait consists of 2 distinct phases what are they and what steps do they include?
STANCE (5)
- heel strike (touches floor)
- foot flat (remainder of foot hits floor)
- mid stance (body weight over supporting leg)
- heel off (body weight moves further forward, heel leaves floor)
- toe off (climax-leaves)
SWING (3)
- acceleration (toe leaves ground, leg accelerates to catch up with standing leg)
- mid swing (as leg passes directly beneath body)
- deceleration (forward motion of leg is retrained to control position of foot during heel strike)
In relation to biomechanics, what musculature is involved during the walking/running gait? How much do they move?
Each muscle used is isolated by the primary joint (hip, knee, ankle) which they control
Hip (moves though 30” flexion to 20” extension, then back to flexion as cycle progresses)
Knee (moves through 0”-60” flexion, then back to neutral as cycle progresses)
Ankle (moves through 0”-20” plantar flexion, then passes into 15” dorsi flexion before returning into plantar flexion, then neutral)
In relation to biomechanics, what are the 3 points to be observed during the walking/running gait?
Balance
(evident between upper & lower portions of body & between segmental regions of lower limbs)
Stability
(stabilise & control pelvic region which affects efficiency in which lower limbs interact & how ankle & foot interact with floor)
Foot position
(if not controlled, cause injury eg/over pronators show flat foot appearance where medial arch=dropped / supinators have tendency to arch laterally which places increased pressure on lateral aspect of lower limbs)
What are the characteristics of different training footwear to be considered to increase comfort and minimise potential for injury associated with poor biomechanics?
6
Comfort & cushioning
Stability
Foot control
Torsional strength of footwear
Absorbency of impact forces
Design of footbed/sockliner
