muscles Flashcards
Rectus femoris actions and nerve supply
Flexion of the hip and extension of the knee, Femoral nerve L2, L3, L4
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of Rectus femoris
Origin - Anterior inferior iliac spine of the innominate bone and reflected head above the acetabulum
Insertion - Upper border of the patella
palpate - The rectus femoris muscle cannot be tested in isolation, therefore all four muscles of the quadriceps femoris are tested simultaneously by extending the leg at the knee joint against resistance while lying in the supine position with the hip flexed, during which the rectus femoris muscle can be palpated
Sartorius actions and nerve supply
Flexion of hip and knee, lateral rotation and abduction of the thigh, and medial rotation of the tibia on the femur, Femoral nerve L2, L3
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of Sartorius
Origin - Anterior superior iliac spine of the innominate bone
Insertion - Medial side of the body of the tibia, with gracilis and semintendinosus
palpate - The sartorius muscle can be tested by simultaneously flexing, abducting and laterally rotating the hip against resistance while sitting and the leg is held in a flexed position, during which the muscle can be seen and palpated
Gluteus Maximus actions and nerve supply
Extension of the hip, extension of the knee - through the iliotibial tract, Inferior gluteal nerve L5, S1, S2
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of Gluteus Maximus
Origin - gluteal surface of the ilium, iliac crest of the innominate bone, coccyx, sacrum, and sacrotuberous ligament
Insertion - gluteal tuberosity of the femur (1/4), (3/4) form the iliotibial tract
palpate - The gluteus maximus muscle can be tested by extending the thigh at the hip joint against resistance while lying in the prone position, during which it can be seen and palpated
Semitendinosus actions and nerve supply
Extension of the hip and flexion of the knee, Sciatic nerve L5, S1, S2
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of Semitendinosus
Origin - Ischial tuberosity of the innominate bone
Insertion - Medial surface of medial condyle of tibia
palpation - The semitendinosus muscle cannot be tested in isolation, therefore all of the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh are tested simultaneously by flexing the leg at the knee joint against resistance while lying in the prone position, during which the semitendinosus tendon can be seen and palpated
Semimembranosus actions and nerve supply
Extension of the hip and flexion of the knee, Sciatic nerve L5, S1, S2
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of Semimembranosus
Origin - Ischial tuberosity of the innominate bone
Insertion - Posteromedial surface of medial condyle of tibia
palpate - The semimembranosus muscle cannot be tested in isolation, therefore all of the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh are tested simultaneously by flexing the leg at the knee joint against resistance while lying in the prone position, during which the semimembranosus tendon can be palpated
Biceps femoris actions and nerve supply
Extension of the hip and flexion of the knee, Sciatic nerve L5, S1, S2
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of Biceps femoris
Origin - Ischial tuberosity of the innominate bone
Insertion - Head of fibula
palpate - The biceps femoris muscle cannot be tested in isolation, therefore all of the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh are tested simultaneously by flexing the leg at the knee joint against resistance while lying in the prone position, during which the biceps femoris tendon can be seen and palpated
Adductor Magnus actions and nerve supply
Adduction of the hip. May act as a medial or lateral rotation of the hip, depending on the position of the thigh, Obturator nerve L2, L3
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of Adductor Magnus
Origin - ischial tuberosity of the innominate bone
Insertion - Upper part of linea aspera and adductor tubercle of femur
palpate - The adductor magnus muscle cannot be tested in isolation, therefore all of the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh are tested simultaneously by adducting the thigh at the hip joint against resistance while lying in the supine position with the knee extended
Tibialis anterior actions and nerve supply
Dorsiflexion of the ankle and inversion of the foot, Deep peroneal nerve L4, L5
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of Tibialis anterior
Origin - Upper two-thirds of the lateral surface of tibia and the interosseous membrane
Insertion - Medial side of medial cuneiform and base of the first metatarsal
palpate - The tibialis anterior muscle cannot be tested in isolation, therefore all four muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg are tested simultaneously by dorsiflexing the foot at the ankle joint against resistance, during which the tendon of the tibialis anterior can be palpated
Gastrocnemius actions and nerve supply
Plantar-flexion of the ankle joint. Flexion of the knee joint, Tibial nerve S1, S2
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of Gastrocnemius
Origin - Medial and lateral condyles of the femur
Insertion - Via the achilles tendon into the posterior surface of the calcaneus
palpate - The gastrocnemius muscle cannot be tested in isolation, therefore all three muscles of the triceps surae are tested simultaneously by plantarflexing the foot at the ankle joint against resistance, during which both the gastrocnemius muscle and calcaneal tendon can be seen and palpated
Vastus lateralis actions and nerve supply
Extends the leg at the knee joint - straightening action, Connected by the femoral nerve L2,L3,L4
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of Vastus lateralis
Origin - lateral part of the intertrochanteric line, margin of the greater trochanter, lateral margin of gluteal tuberosity, lateral lip of the linea aspera
Insertion - quadricep femoris tendon and the lateral margin of the patella
palpate - The vastus lateralis muscle cannot be tested in isolation, therefore all four muscles of the quadriceps femoris are tested simultaneously by extending the leg at the knee joint against resistance while lying in the supine position with the hip flexed, during which the vastus lateralis muscle can be palpated
Vastus medialis actions and nerve supply
Extends the leg at the knee joint - straightening action, Connected by the femoral nerve L2,L3,L4
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of Vastus medialis
Origin - medial part of the intertrochanteric line, pectineal line, medial lip of the linea aspera, medial supracondylar line
Insertion - quadriceps femoris tendon and medial border of patella
palpate - The vastus medialis muscle cannot be tested in isolation, therefore all four muscles of the quadriceps femoris are tested simultaneously by extending the leg at the knee joint against resistance while lying in the supine position with the hip flexed, during which the vastus medialis muscle can be palpated
Soleus actions and nerve supply
Plantar flexion of the ankle, posterior muscle. The soleus pump aids venous return, Tibial nerve S1, S2
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of Soleus
Origin - Soleal line on posterior surface of tibia, posterior surface of upper third of fibula and fibrous arch between the two
Insertion - Via the achilles tendon into the posterior surface of the calcaneus
palpate - The soleus muscle cannot be tested in isolation, therefore all three muscles of the triceps surae are tested simultaneously by plantarflexing the foot at the ankle joint against resistance, during which both the soleus muscle and calcaneal tendon can be palpated
Fibularis longus actions and nerve supply
Eversion of the foot, and plantar flexion of the ankle, Superficial peroneal nerve L5, S1
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of Fibularis longus
Origin - Upper two-thirds of the lateral surface of the fibula
Insertion - Lateral surfaces of medial cuneiform and base of the first metatarsal
palpate - The fibularis longus muscle can be tested by everting at the subtalar and transverse tarsal joints against resistance, during which its tendon can be seen and palpated
Flexor digitorum longus actions and nerve supply
Flexion of the lateral four toes. Plantar flexion of the ankle, Tibial nerve L5, S1, S2
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of Flexor digitorum longus
Origin - Medial part of the posterior surface of the tibia
Insertion - Distal phalanx of lateral four toes
palpate - The flexor digitorum longus muscle cannot be tested in isolation; therefore it is tested simultaneously with the flexor digitorum brevis muscle by flexing the second, third, fourth, and little toes against resistance, during which its tendons can be palpated
Extensor digitorum longus actions and nerve supply
Extension of the lateral four toes and dorsiflexion of the ankle, Deep peroneal nerve L5, S1
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of Extensor digitorum longus
Origin - Upper two-thirds of anterior surface of fibula, interosseous membrane, and lateral condyle of the tibia
Insertion - The base of the middle and distal phalanx of the lateral four toes
palpate - The extensor digitorum longus muscle can be tested by extending the second to fourth toes against resistance, during which its tendons can be seen and palpated
Extensor hallucis longus actions and nerve supply
Extension of the great toe and dorsiflexion of the ankle, Deep peroneal nerve L5, S1
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of extensor hallucis longus
Origin - Middle half of the anterior surface of the fibula and the interosseous membrane
Insertion - The base of the distal phalanx of the great toe
palpate - The extensor hallucis longus muscle can be tested by extending the great toe against resistance, during which its tendon can be seen and palpated
Rhomboid major actions and nerve supply
Retracts and downwardly rotates pectoral (shoulder) girdle at acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints, its nerve supply is the Dorsal scapular nerve (C4-C5).
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of rhomboid major
Origin - Spinous processes of T2-T5 vertebrae
Insertion - Medial border of scapula inferior to spine of scapula.
palpate -
Rhomboid minor actions and nerve supply
Retracts and downwardly rotates pectoral (shoulder) girdle at acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints, its nerve supply is the Dorsal scapular nerve (C4-C5)
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of rhomboid minor
Origin - Nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7-T1 vertebrae
Insertion - Medial border of scapula adjacent to spine of scapula
Upper fibres of trapezius actions and nerve supply
Elevates, retracts, and upwardly rotates the pectoral (shoulder) girdle at acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints; extends and laterally flexes head and neck,
its nerve supply is the Accessory nerve, anterior rami of C3-C4
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of the upper fibres of trapezius
Origin - External occipital protuberance and superior nuchal line of occipital bone, nuchal ligament, spinous process of C7 vertebra
Insertion - Posterior aspect of lateral one third of clavicle, acromion of scapula.
Middle fibres of trapezius actions and nerve supply
Retracts the pectoral (shoulder) girdle at acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints, its nerve supply is the Accessory nerve, anterior rami of C3-C4
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of the middle fibres of trapezius
Origin - Spinous processes of C7-T4 vertebrae.
Insertion - Acromion of scapula, lateral end of spine of scapula
Lower fibres of trapezius actions and nerve supply
Depresses, retracts, and upwardly rotates the pectoral (shoulder) girdle at acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints,
its nerve supply is the Accessory nerve, anterior rami of C3-C4
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of the lower fibres of trapezius
Origin - Spinous processes of T5-T12 vertebrae.
Insertion - Medial end of spine of scapula.
Serratus anterior actions and nerve supply
Protracts and upwardly rotates pectoral (shoulder) girdle at acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints,
its nerve supply is the Long thoracic nerve (C5-C7)
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of serratus anterior
Origin - External surfaces of first to ninth ribs
Insertion - Medial border of scapula
Pectoralis major actions and nerve supply
It adducts, medially rotates, and transversely adducts the arm at the glenohumeral joint,
It depresses pectoral (shoulder) girdle at acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints,
Its nerve supply is the medial and lateral pectoral nerves C5, C6, C7, C8, T1
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of pectoralis major
Origin - The clavicular head originates from the anterior aspect of the medial half of the clavicle, the sternocostal head originates from the manubrium, sternal body, the true ribs (first 7) and their costal cartilages, the abdominal part originates from the external abdominal oblique
Insertion - the crest of the greater tubercle of the humerus
Biceps brachii actions and nerve supply
Supinates forearm; flexes forearm at elbow joint, most effectively when the forearm is supinated,
its nerve supply is the Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C6).
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of biceps brachii
Origin - Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula and apex of coracoid process of scapula.
Insertion - Radial tuberosity and antebrachial fascia.
Latissimus dorsi actions and nerve supply
Adducts, medially rotates, and extends arm at glenohumeral (shoulder) joint,
Its nerve supply is the Thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8).
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of latissimus dorsi
Origin - Spinous processes of T7-T12 vertebrae, spinous processes of L1-L5 vertebrae via thoracolumbar fascia, ninth to twelfth ribs, iliac crest.
Insertion - Floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus.
Teres major actions and nerve supply
Adducts and medially rotates arm at glenohumeral (shoulder) joint,
its nerve supply is the Lower subscapular nerve (C5-C7).
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of teres major
Origin - Posterior aspect of inferior angle of scapula.
Insertion - Crest of lesser tubercle of humerus
Supraspinatus actions and nerve supply
It abducts the arm at the glenohumeral joint,
Its nerve supply is the suprascapular nerve C5, C6
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of supraspinatus
Origin - the medial two thirds of the supraspinous fossa of the scapula
Insertion - the superior facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus
Subscapularis actions and nerve supply
It medially rotates and stabilises the arm at the glenohumeral joint,
Its nerve supply is the upper and lower subscapular nerves C5, C6, C7
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of subscapularis
Origin - The subscapular fossa of the scapula
Insertion - the lesser tubercle of the humerus
Infraspinatus actions and nerve supply
It laterally rotates the arm, and transversely abducts the arm at the glenohumeral joint,
Its nerve supply is the suprascapular nerve C5, C6
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of infraspinatus
Origin - the medial two thirds of the infraspinous fossa of the scapula
Insertion - the middle facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus
Brachioradialis actions and nerve supply
Flexes forearm at elbow joint,
its nerve supply is the Radial nerve (C5-C6).
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of brachioradialis
Origin - Superior two thirds of lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus.
Insertion - Lateral aspect of distal part of radius
Triceps brachii (medial, lateral, long heads) actions and nerve supply
It extends the forearm at the elbow joint.
Its nerve supply is the Radial nerve C7
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of triceps brachii (medial, lateral, long heads)
Origin - long head - Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
medial head - Posterior surface of humerus, inferior to radial groove
lateral head - Posterior surface of humerus, superior to radial groove
Insertion - Olecranon of ulna and adjacent antebrachial fascia
Flexor carpi radialis actions and nerve supply
It flexes the hand at the radiocarpal joint, and abducts the hand at radiocarpal and midcarpal joints,
Its nerve supply is the median nerve C6, C7
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of Flexor carpi radialis
Origin - the medial epicondyle of the humerus
Insertion - the palmar aspects of the bases of the second and third metacarpal bones
Flexor carpi ulnaris actions and nerve supply
It flexes and adducts the hand at the radiocarpal joint,
Its nerve supply is the ulnar nerve C7, C8, T1
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris
Origin - the medial epicondyle of the humerus, the proximal two thirds of the body of the ulna, and the olecranon of the ulna
Insertion - the pisiform, the hook of hamate, and the palmar aspect of the base of the fifth metacarpal bone
Palmaris longus actions and nerve supply
It flexes the hand at the radiocarpal joint and stabilises the palmar aponeurosis,
Its nerve supply is the median nerve C7, C8
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of palmaris longus
Origin - the medial epicondyle of the humerus
Insertion - the palmar aponeurosis and the flexor retinaculum of the hand
Extensor carpi radialis longus actions and nerve supply
It extends the hand at the radoiocarpal joint, and abducts the hand at the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints,
Its nerve supply is the radial nerve C6, C7
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of extensor carpi radialis longus
Origin - the inferior one third of the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus
Insertion - the dorsal aspect of the base of the second metacarpal bone
Extensor carpi radialis brevis actions and nerve supply
It extends the hand at the radiocarpal joint, and abducts the hand at the radoiocarpal and midcarpal joints,
Its nerve supply is the deep branch of the radial nerve C7, C8, and the posterior antebrachial interosseous nerve C7, C8
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of extensor carpi radialis brevis
Origin - the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
Insertion - the dorsal aspect of the base of the third metacarpal bone
Extensor digitorum actions and nerve supply
It extends the index, middle, ring, and little fingers,
Its nerve supply is the posterior antebrachial interosseous nerve C7, C8
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of extensor digitorum
Origin - the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
Insertion - the dorsal aspects of the bases of both the middle and distal phalanges of the index, middle, ring, and little fingers
Extensor carpi ulnaris actions and nerve supply
It extends and adducts the hand at the radiocarpal joint,
Its nerve supply is the posterior anterbrachial interosseous nerve C7, C8
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of extensor carpi ulnaris
Origin - the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, and the posterior border of the ulna
Insertion - the medial aspect of the base of the fifth metacarpal bone
Extensor pollicis longus actions and nerve supply
It extends the thumb,
Its nerve supply is the posterior antebrachial interosseous nerve C7, C8
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of extensor pollicis longus
Origin - the posterior surface of the middle one third of the ulna, and the adjacent interosseous membrane of the forearm
Insertion - the dorsal aspect of the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb
Abductor pollicis longus actions and nerve supply
It abducts and extends the thumb at the first carpometacarpal joint,
Its nerve supply is the posterior antebrachial interosseous nerve C7, C8
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of abductor pollicis longus
Origin - the posterior aspects of the proximal half of the ulna, the middle one third of the radius, and the adjacent interosseous membrane of the forearm
Insertion - the lateral aspect of the base of the first metacarpal bone
Rectus abdominis actions and nerve supply
It flexes, laterally flexes, and rotates the trunk, it also compresses and provides structural support to adjacent abdominal structures,
Its nerve supply is the anterior rami of the seventh to the twelfth thoracic nerves
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of rectus abdominis
Origin - the pubic crest and the symphysis
Insertion - the xiphoid process and the costal cartilages of the fifth to seventh ribs
External oblique actions and nerve supply
It flexes, laterally flexes, and rotates the trunk, it also compresses and provides structural support to adjacent abdominal structures,
Its nerve supply is the anterior rami of the seventh to the twelfth thoracic nerves
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of external oblique
Origin - the external surfaces and inferior borders of the fifth to twelfth ribs
Insertion - the anterior superior iliac spine, anterior half of the iliac crest, the pubic crest, the pubic tubercle, and the linea alba
Sternocleidomastoid actions and nerve supply
Flexes and laterally flexes neck; rotates head,
its nerve supply is the Accessory nerve (CN XI); proprioceptive fibers from anterior rami second to fourth cervical nerves (C2-C4).
Identify the muscle belly and tendon of sternocleidomastoid
Origin - Sternal head: anterior surface of manubrium of sternum; Clavicular head: medial one third of clavicle.
Insertion - Mastoid process of temporal bone and superior nuchal line of occipital bone.
