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XRAY A&P > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 types of muscle tissue.

A

smooth cardiac skeletal

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2
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

walls of visceral organs (except heart) eye muscles airways

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3
Q

What attaches muscle to bone?

A

tendons

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4
Q

What attaches bone to bone?

A

ligaments

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5
Q

What provides the energy to power muscles?

A

ATP

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6
Q

Muscle contraction results from what?

A

the sliding together of thick myosin & thin actin filaments within the muscle cell

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7
Q

Which muscle filament is thick?

A

myosin

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8
Q

Which muscle filament is thin?

A

actin

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9
Q

Do skeletal muscles act alone or in pairs/groups?

A

pairs/groups

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10
Q

What do we call the skeletal muscle that is most responsible for a given movement?

A

agonist or prime mover

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11
Q

What are the muscles that work in cooperation with the agonist/prime mover called?

A

synergists

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12
Q

What is the muscle that produces the opposite movement of the agonist/prime mover called?

A

antagonist

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13
Q

Muscles respond to what?

A

nerve impulses

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14
Q

Where do muscles receive nerve impulses?

A

neuromuscular junctions

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15
Q

What is secreted at neuromuscular junctions?

A

neurotransmitters

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16
Q

Explain what causes stimulation of a muscle fiber?

A

Nerve impulse travels from nerve to muscle cell at neuromuscular junction neurotransmitter is secreted & is diffused across the junction neurotransmitter stimulates muscle fiber

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17
Q

What neurotransmitter do motor neurons use to control skeletal muscle?

A

acetylcholine

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18
Q

Muscles working under anaerobic conditions produce what?

A

lactic acid

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19
Q

What chemical causes muscle fatigue?

A

lactic acid

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20
Q

What is the end of a muscle that is attached to a moving part called?

A

insertion

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21
Q

What is the end of a muscle that is attached to a fixed point called?

A

origin

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22
Q

What are the functional units of muscle fibers called?

A

sarcomeres

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23
Q

In a lever system, what is the lever?

A

a bar

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24
Q

What is a fulcrum?

A

the fixed point in a lever system

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25
Q

What is the applied force in a lever system called?

A

effort

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26
Q

In a lever system, what is the load?

A

some form of resistance

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27
Q

What is an example of a fulcrum in the body?

A

joints

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28
Q

What is an example of a lever in the body?

A

a bone

29
Q

What is an example of an effort in the body?

A

muscle contraction

30
Q

What is an example of a load in the body?

A

the weight of the bone itself along with overlying tissues

31
Q

What is the contractile response of a single muscle fiber to a muscle impulse?

A

muscle twitch

32
Q

What are the important ions in the nervous system?

A

sodium & potassium

33
Q

What is it called when many action potentials are triggered in a motor neuron, resulting in a contraction of increasing strength?

A

a sustained contraction

34
Q

Slow twitch (red fibers) muscle fibers

A

dependent on O2 and are fatigue resistant.

35
Q

Fast Twitch (white fibers) muscle fibers

A

anaerobic, contract and fatigue rapidly; found in hands and eyes

36
Q

Describe muscle tone

A

results from a continuous state of partial contraction; important in maintaining your posture

37
Q

Describe Isometric Contractions

A

Contract with no movement; example is pushing against something

38
Q

Describe Isotonic Contractions

A

contraction with muscle shortening, example is lifting a weight

39
Q

What is all or none response?

A

muscle will respond completely or not at all; stimulus must surpass threshold to illicit response, response will be a complete contraction or none at all

40
Q

Are voluntary muscles controlled by the somatic or autonomic nervous system?

A

somatic

41
Q

Are involuntary muscles controlled by the somatic or autonomic nervous system?

A

autonomic

42
Q

Is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary?

A

voluntary

43
Q

Is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary?

A

involuntary

44
Q

Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?

A

involuntary

45
Q

List the skeletal muscle structure in order from the outside to the inside.

A

Aponeurosis (covers groups of muscles) Fascia (covers single muscle) Epimysium Perimysium Fascicles Endomysium Muscle Fibers

46
Q

List structure of muscle fibers from the outside to the inside.

A

Sarcolemma Myofibrils Sarcomeres Actin & Myosin

47
Q

Which filament is thin?

A

actin

48
Q

Which filament is thick?

A

myosin

49
Q

What is the contracting, functioning unit of a muscle fiber?

A

sarcomeres

50
Q

Sarcomeres have what 4 qualities?

A

A bands I bands H zones Z lines

51
Q

List the steps to muscle contraction.

A

Muscle is at rest (polarized)

Stimulus from nerve (threshold stimulus)

Depolarization (Na+ channels open/Na+ flows in - action potential travels along)

Repolarization (K channels open/K flows out - membrane returns to negative resting potential/polarized state)

52
Q

What is metabolism?

A

All chemical processes occuring in the body

53
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

adenosine triphosphate

54
Q

Why is ATP important to muscles?

A

It is required to make muscles work.

55
Q

What is oxidation?

A

the loss of electrons

56
Q

What is reduction?

A

a gain of electrons

57
Q

Where does cellular respiration occur?

A

in the mitochondria

58
Q

What are the steps of cellular respiration?

A

glycolysis

(pyruvic acid)

/ \

O2 present lack of O2

    /                     /                  \

transition reaction alcohol lactic acid

(acetyl coenzyme A)

/

Krebs Cycle

/

electrons picked up by NAD & FAD

/

electron transport chain (32 ATP made - 36 total)

59
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP

60
Q

Define homeostasis.

A

the ability to maintain a constant internal environment regardless of external conditions

61
Q

List order of steps of homeostatic control.

A

stimulus (↑ or ↓ of body temp) is received by receptors (temp. sensitive receptors in skin)

input is sent via afferent pathway to control center (brain)

control center decides if stimulus crosses threshold

(if so) control center sends output via the efferent pathway to effector (sweat glands/skeletal muscles)

response (sweat evaporation & ↓ temp/shivering & ↑ temp) causes end of stimulus

62
Q

How many cranial, spinal nerves are there?

A

12

63
Q

How many spinal nerves are there total?

A

31

64
Q

How many cervical, spinal nerves are there?

A

8

65
Q

How many thoracic, spinal nerves are there?

A

12

66
Q

How many lumbar, spinal nerves are there?

A

5

67
Q

How many sacral, spinal nerves are there?

A

5

68
Q

How many coxygeal, spinal nerves are there?

A

1

69
Q
A

XRAY A&P (4 decks)

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