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XRAY A&P > A & P review p1 > Flashcards

A & P review p1 Flashcards

All chapters except muscles. Muscles are a separate deck.

0
Q

Define physiology.

A

Function of human body.

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1
Q

Define anatomy.

A

Structure of human body

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2
Q

What is the complementarity of structure & function?

A

They are inseparable bc function always reflects structure.

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3
Q

Name the levels of structural organization.

A

Chemical level (atoms, molecules, organelles)

Cellular level

Tissue level

Organ level

Organ System Level

Organism Level

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4
Q

How many organ systems are there?

A

11

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5
Q

Name all organ systems.

A

Integumentary

Skeletal

Muscular

Nervous

Endocrine

Cardiovascular

Respiratory

Excretory/Urinary

Digestive

Reproductive

Lymphatic/Immune

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6
Q

Name 3 things metabolism includes.

A

Catabolism (breaking down things)

Anabolism (building things)

Cellular respiration (using nutrients & O2 to make ATP)

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7
Q

Name the 8 characteristics of life.

A

Maintain boundaries (skin, cell membranes)

Movement (muscles, fluids through organs)

Responsiveness/Irritability (muscle reflex to stimuli, CO2 low=rapid breathing response)

Digestion

Metabolism

Excretion (digestion, urinary, respiratory)

Reproduction (cells, organisms)

Growth (body part, cells, organism)

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8
Q

What body systems does metabolism depend on?

A

Digestive & respiratory to provide nutrients & O2 to blood

Cardiovascular to distribute nutrients & O2 throughout body

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9
Q

What regulates metabolism?

A

Hormones secreted by endocrine glands

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10
Q

Name the 5 survival needs.

A

Nutrients

Oxygen

Water

Temperature

Pressure

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11
Q

Define homeostasis.

A

Body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions

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12
Q

Define variable.

A

Factor or event being regulated.

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13
Q

Name the 3 components that work together in the homeostatic control mechanism.

A

Receptor

Control center

Effector

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14
Q

What does the control center do?

A

Determines “set point” (range @ which variable is to be maintained)

Analyzes input & determines appropriate response

Sends output to effector via efferent pathway

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15
Q

What is some type of sensor monitoring the environment that responds to stimuli by sending input to control center via afferent pathway?

A

receptor

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16
Q

Name types of feedback.

A

Positive feedback

Negative feedback

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17
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

When affect of stimuli is reduced so control process is shut off completely.

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18
Q

What does an effector do?

A

Provides the means for control center’s output to stimulus

Sends feedback to influence the effect of stimuli (either reducing or enhancing it)

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19
Q

Describe positive feedback.

A

When affects if stimuli are enhanced so control process continues at faster rate

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20
Q

Name axial body cavities

A

Dorsal

Ventral

Other

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21
Q

Ventral cavity includes what?

A

Thoracic

Abdominopelvic

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22
Q

What cavities are in thoracic cavity?

A

Mediastinum

Pleural cavities

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23
Q

Dorsal cavity contains which cavities?

A

Cranial cavity

Vertebral/Spinal Cavity

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24
Q

Name “other” body cavities.

A

Oral

Nasal

Orbital

Middle ear

Synovial

Frontal sinuses

Sphenoidal sinus (behind eye)

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25
Q

Define serous or serosa.

A

Membranes

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26
Q

Define parietal serosa.

A

Lines cavity walls

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27
Q

Define visceral serosa.

A

Covers organs in a cavity

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28
Q

Define serous fluid.

A

Thin layer of lubricating fluid separating parietal and visceral serosa.

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29
Q

Where is serous fluid found?

A

In the cavity between visceral & parietal membranes

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30
Q

Term for lung membranes.

A

Pleural membranes

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31
Q

Term for cardiac membranes.

A

Pericardial membranes (pericardium)

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32
Q

Term for abdominopelvic membranes.

A

Peritoneal membranes

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33
Q

Name the pleural membranes.

A

Visceral pleura

Parietal pleura

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34
Q

Name pericardial membranes

A

Parietal pericardium

Visceral pericardium

Fibrous pericardium

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35
Q

Name peritoneal membranes

A

Parietal peritoneum

Visceral peritoneum

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36
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity?

A

Cavity between parietal & visceral peritoneums

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37
Q

Define matter.

A

Anything that has mass and takes up space

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38
Q

Name 2 types of energy

A

Kinetic

Potential

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39
Q

Name the cellular form of energy needed for all life.

A

ATP

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40
Q

Where is ATP made?

A

Mitochondria

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41
Q

ATP is a product of what?

A

Cellular respiration

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42
Q

Name 4 most common elements.

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

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43
Q

What are neutral atoms?

A

Atoms with same number of protons & neutrons

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44
Q

Define isotope

A

Atom with same # of protons but different # of neutrons

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45
Q

What types of radiation do isotopes put off?

A

Alpha waves
Beta waves
Gamma rays

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46
Q

The larger amount of a mixture is called what?

A

Solvent

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47
Q

What is the smaller amount of a mixture?

A

Solute

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48
Q

What are valence electrons?

A

Electrons in outermost shell (valence shell)

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49
Q

Define ion.

A

Charged atom

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50
Q

Cations have what kind of charge?

A

Positive

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51
Q

Anions have what type of charge?

A

Negative

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52
Q

Is oxidation a gain or loss if electrons?

A

Loss of electrons

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53
Q

Is reduction a gain or loss of electrons?

A

Gain of electrons.

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54
Q

What is the strongest bond?

A

Covalent bond

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55
Q

What are 2 types of covalent bonds?

A

Polar

Non polar

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56
Q

What is the weakest bond?

A

Hydrogen

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57
Q

What numbers are acids on pH scale?

A

0-7

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58
Q

What numbers are bases on the pH scale?

A

7-14

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59
Q

What do acids do when put in water?

A

Release hydrogen atoms

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60
Q

What do bases do when put in water?

A

Release hydroxide ions (OH-)

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61
Q

What do neutrals on the pH scale do when put in water?

A

Gain and release the same amount of hydrogen and hydroxide ions

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62
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.4 (7.35-7.45)

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63
Q

What does a buffer do?

A

Helps maintain pH by either picking up or dropping hydrogen ions

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64
Q

What do salts/electrolytes do in the body?

A

Conduct currents and release ions in water

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65
Q

What are the two most important salts/electrolytes?

A

Sodium

potassium

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66
Q

What is alkalosis?

A

Body pH of 7.5 to 7.8

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67
Q

What is acidosis?

A

Body pH of 7.0 to 7.3

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68
Q

Name the inorganic substances in our body.

A

Water

oxygen

carbon dioxide

salts/electrolytes

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69
Q

What is the most abundant inorganic substance in the human body?

A

Water

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70
Q

Name the organic substances of the body.

A

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Lipids

Nucleic acids

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71
Q

Another name for carbohydrates?

A

Sugars

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72
Q

What is the chemical make-up of all sugars?

A

C6 H12 06

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73
Q

What is the most abundant monosaccharide in the body?

A

Glucose

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74
Q

What is the part of the plant cell wall that we cannot digest?

A

Cellulose

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75
Q

Human form of sugar when it is stored?

A

Glycogen

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76
Q

What is the storage form of sugar in plants?

A

Starch

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77
Q

Dehydration synthesis is used to combine what?

A

Monomers into polymers

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78
Q

What is hydrolysis used for?

A

Splitting polymers into monomers by adding a water molecule

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79
Q

Name types of lipids.

A

Triglycerides

steroids

phospholipids

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80
Q

What are the two kinds of triglycerides?

A

Saturated fats

Unsaturated fats

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81
Q

What is the most important steroid in the body?

A

Cholesterol

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82
Q

What are steroids used for?

A

Making vitamin D

Steroid hormones

Sex hormones

Bile salts

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83
Q

What is the main component of a cell membrane?

A

Phospholipids

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84
Q

Lipids help the body to use which vitamins?

A

A, D, E and K

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85
Q

What is the most diverse group of organic compounds?

A

Proteins

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86
Q

Proteins are made up of what?

A

Amino acids

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87
Q

Name several kinds of proteins in the body.

A

Antibodies

Enzymes

Hemoglobin

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88
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Help out in every reaction in the body

Act as catalysts (increasing or speeding up reactions)

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89
Q

What does hemoglobin do?

A

Transports oxygen

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90
Q

Where is hemoglobin located?

A

On red blood cells

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91
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Regulates blood sugar

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92
Q

What was the first genetically engineered product?

A

Human insulin

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93
Q

Name two nucleic acids.

A

DNA

RNA

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94
Q

Nucleic acids are made up of what?

A

Nucleotides

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95
Q

What is a nucleotide made up of?

A

A five carbon sugar

A phosphate group

A nitrogenous base

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96
Q

What are the four bases of DNA?

A

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

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97
Q

DNA has how many strands?

A

2

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98
Q

What are the four bases of RNA?

A

Adenine

Uracil

Guanine

Cytosine

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99
Q

How many strands does RNA have?

A

1

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100
Q

What is the primary energy transferring molecule in cells?

A

ATP

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101
Q

What provides a form of energy that is immediately usable by all cells of the body?

A

ATP

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102
Q

How many times can a light microscope magnify?

A

1000 times

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103
Q

Which microscope allows objects to be seen in 3-D?

A

Scanning electron microscope

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104
Q

Which microscope allows 100,000 to 200,000 times magnification but no 3-D imaging?

A

Transmission electron microscope

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105
Q

Which microscope allows us to only see the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and the cell nucleus?

A

Light microscope

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106
Q

Name the parts of a cell.

A

Nucleus

Ribosomes

Endoplasmic reticulum

Mitochondria

Golgi apparatus

Lysosomes

Cilia and flagella

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107
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Make proteins

Make DNA and RNA

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108
Q

Where are ribosomes located?

A

On the endoplasmic reticulum

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109
Q

What is the end of endoplasmic reticulum responsible for?

A

Transport

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110
Q

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Rough

Smooth

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111
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum responsible for?

A

Protein synthesis

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112
Q

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum responsible for?

A

Making lipids

Detox

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113
Q

Which organelle is responsible for ATP synthesis through cellular respiration?

A

Mitochondria

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114
Q

What organelle packages and sorts material?

A

Golgi apparatus

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115
Q

What do lysosomes contain?

A

Digestive enzymes

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116
Q

What are cilia?

A

Short, hair-like projections

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117
Q

What are flagella?

A

Long, whip-like tales

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118
Q

Where are flagella in the human body?

A

Only on sperm cells

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119
Q

The nucleus sends messenger RNA (mRNA) to which organelle?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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120
Q

What does the golgi apparatus do with the items it is sent?

A

Sorts, packages it and sends it out

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121
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum sends the object that is made to which organelle

A

golgi apparatus

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122
Q

What are the components of the cell membrane?

A

Phospholipids

Proteins

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123
Q

Name the types of passive transport.

A

Diffusion

Facilitated diffusion

Osmosis

Filtration

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124
Q

Is energy required for passive transport?

A

No

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125
Q

Describe an isotonic solution.

A

One which has the same solute to water concentration as inside of the cells.

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126
Q

What happens to cells in an isotonic solution?

A

They retain their shape

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127
Q

What happens to cells in a hypotonic solution?

A

They take on water by osmosis until they burst

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128
Q

Describe a hypotonic solution.

A

One that contains a lower concentration of solutes than are present in cells

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129
Q

Describe a hypertonic solution.

A

One which contains a higher concentration of solutes than are present inside cells

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130
Q

Describe what happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution.

A

Cells lose water by osmosis and shrink

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131
Q

What is the movement of molecules caused by mechanical force such as blood pressure?

A

Filtration

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132
Q

What is the diffusion of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane?

A

Osmosis

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133
Q

What helps a molecule pass through the lipid bilayer in facilitated diffusion?

A

A Protein

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134
Q

Does active transport require ATP?

A

Yes

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135
Q

Describe what happens in active transport.

A

Molecules move against the concentration gradient or flow

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136
Q

Name the types of active transport.

A

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

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137
Q

What are two examples of endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis

Pinocytosis

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138
Q

Phagocytosis is described as what?

A

Cellular eating

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139
Q

Pinocytosis is described as what?

A

Cellular drinking

140
Q

Name the types of intercellular junctions.

A

Tight junctions

Desmosomes

Gap junctions

141
Q

What do gap junctions allow for?

A

Quick communication

142
Q

What do desmosomes allow for?

A

Stretching

143
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

Seals

144
Q

Name the stages of mitosis.

A

Interphase

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

145
Q

What is the product of the cell cycle?

A

Two daughter cells

146
Q

What is different about out-of-control cells such as cancer?

A

They do not go through interphase or apoptosis.

147
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Natural death of cells

148
Q

What are fibrous sheets of connective tissue which may be attached to coverings of adjacent muscles?

A

aponeuroses

149
Q

What muscles cause movement in the opposite direction of the prime mover?

A

antagonists

150
Q

What attaches muscle to bone?

A

tendon

151
Q

What type of muscle contraction is it if the muscle length stays the same during contraction?

A

isometric

152
Q

What type of muscle contraction is it if the muscle contracts & its ends are pulled closer together?

A

isotonic

153
Q

What type of muscle is found in the wall of hollow organs?

A

smooth muscle

154
Q

What type of muscle is found in the heart & has intercalated disks?

A

cardiac muscle

155
Q

Which muscle covers the shoulder joint?

A

deltoid

156
Q

Which muscle is the calf muscle?

A

gastrocnemius

157
Q

Which muscle forms the anterior arm?

A

biceps brachii

158
Q

What is the immovable end of a skeletal muscle?

A

origin

159
Q

What 2 electrolytes are important for nerve cell conduction and transmission of impulses?

A

potassium & sodium

160
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12

161
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31

162
Q

How many cervical nerves are there?

A

8

163
Q

How many thoracic nerves are there?

A

12

164
Q

How many lumbar nerves are there?

A

5

165
Q

How many sacral nerves are there?

A

5

166
Q

How many coccygeal nerves are there?

A

1

167
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

a bond formed by the transfer of electrons & the subsequent attraction of opposite charged

168
Q

Describe a hydrogen bond.

A

formed when a Hydrogen atom that is already covalently bonded to 1 electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom so that a “bridge” forms between them

169
Q

What is passive transport?

A

when molecules flow with the concentration gradient

170
Q

What is diffusion?

A

movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low one

171
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

When a protein helps a molecule pass through the lipid bilayer

172
Q

A pH increase/decrease of 1 is how many times more basic/acidic?

A

10 times

173
Q

A pH increase/decrease of 2 is how many times more basic/acidic?

A

100 times

174
Q

A pH increase/decrease of 3 is how many times more basic/acidic?

A

1000 times

175
Q

Name the steps of protein synthesis.

A

Transcription (DNA forms mRNA molecule)

Translation (mRNA meets tRNA & amino acids @ ribosome to make polypeptide chain)

176
Q

Describe the steps of translation in detail.

A

mRNA meets up with tRNA (which brings amino acids along) in the cytoplasm at the ribosome

amino acids line up with mRNA

every 3 bases of mRNA makes a codon

completed item is a polypeptide chain

177
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

in the cytoplasm

178
Q

3 bases of mRNA makes what?

A

a codon

179
Q

What is energy?

A

The ability to do work.

180
Q

What is the energy currency of cells?

A

the ATP cycle

181
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

adenosine triphosphate

182
Q

What are the steps of the ATP cycle?

A

ADP + P (energy required to form bond) = ATP

ATP - P (bond breaking releases energy) = ADP

183
Q

What type of reaction is anabolism?

A

a building reaction

184
Q

What type of reaction is catabolism?

A

a breakdown reaction

185
Q

Is hydrolysis anabolic or catabolic?

A

catabolic

186
Q

Is dehydration anabolic or catabolic?

A

anabolic

187
Q

Describe hydrolysis.

A

adding H2O to break bonds

188
Q

Describe dehydration.

A

removing H2O to create bonds

189
Q

What is oxydation?

A

loss of electrons

190
Q

What is reduction?

A

gain of electrons

191
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

act as catalysts & increase reaction rates

192
Q

All enzymes are ______ (classification)?

A

proteins

193
Q

What make proteins?

A

amino acids

194
Q

What are the properties of enzymes?

A 
have a specific job
have specific shape
have optimal pH's & temps they work at
reduce activation energy required for a reaction
usually end in "ase"
195
Q

Describe competitive inhibition.

A

When a similar molecule gets in enzyme’s active site before substrate can

196
Q

Describe non-competitive inhibition.

A

When another molecule binds to enzyme somewhere other than active site causing it to change shape so that substrate no longer fits

197
Q

What is an allosteric site?

A

any binding site other than the active site (of enzymes)

198
Q

Where does cellular respiration occur?

A

on cristae of mitochondria

199
Q

What is the formula for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP

200
Q

What does anaerobic mean?

A

without oxygen

201
Q

What are the stages of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis (glucose breaks down to pyruvic acid)

Transition Reaction
(formation of acetyl coenzyme A)

Krebs Cycle

NAD+ & FAD+ pick-up/transport electrons to ETC

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

202
Q

What happens to any leftover electrons after cellular respiration?

A

they bind with O2 to make water

203
Q

What is the final electron acceptor?

A

O2

204
Q

Which stages of cellular respiration are anaerobic?

A

Glycolysis and Transition Reaction

205
Q

Which stages of cellular respiration are aerobic?

A

Krebs cycle
NAD+ & FAD+ electron pick-up/transport
Electron Transport Chain

206
Q

If no oxygen is available after glycolysis, what happens?

A

fermentation

207
Q

What are the 2 products of fermentation?

A

alcohol & lactic acid

208
Q

How many ATPs are made in glycolysis?

A

2

209
Q

What is the product of glycolysis?

A

pyruvic acid

210
Q

What is formed during the Transition Reaction?

A

acetyl coenzyme A

211
Q

How many ATPs are made during the Krebs Cycle?

A

2

212
Q

How many ATPs are made in the Electron Transport Chain?

A

32

213
Q

1 glucose yields how many ATPs?

A

36

214
Q

Name the types of tissue.

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

215
Q

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A 
lines body
absorbs & secretes
has glands
provides protection
does NOT have blood supply
protects
216
Q

What type of cells are found in epithelial tissue?

A

cuboid
columnar
squamous

217
Q

Explain the difference between stratified and simple epithelial tissue?

A

stratified - has multiple layers & a basement membrane

simple- has one layer

218
Q

What are the types of glands?

A

endocrine & exocrine

219
Q

Describe an exocrine gland.

A

one that excretes into a duct

220
Q

Describe an endocrine gland.

A

one that excretes directly into tissue

221
Q

What are the characteristics of connective tissue?

A

binds
supports
has a matrix (aka ground substance)

222
Q

List some examples of epithelial tissues.

A

epidermis

mucous & serous membranes

223
Q

What are some examples of connective tissue?

A

blood
cartilage
bones
adipose

224
Q

What are the types of connective tissue cells?

A

fibroblasts
mast
macrophages
other (chondroblast, osteoblast, heatopoietic stem cells)

225
Q

What do fibroblasts do?

A

secrete protein fibers

226
Q

What do mast cells do?

A

secrete heparin & histamine

227
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

eat cells (they are phagocytotic)

228
Q

How are connective tissues made?

A

from fibroblasts

229
Q

Name the types of connective tissue fibers.

A

Collagenous
Elastic
Reticular

230
Q

What are collagenous fibers also referred to as?

A

white fibers

231
Q

What are examples of collagenous fibers?

A

bone & cartilage

232
Q

What is an example of elastic fibers?

A

vocal chords

233
Q

Where would you find reticular fibers?

A

around the eye sockets

234
Q

What does muscle do?

A

provide movement

235
Q

What are the types of muscles?

A

smooth
skeletal
cardiac

236
Q

Which muscle type is voluntary?

A

skeletal

237
Q

Which type of muscle has intercalated disks?

A

cardiac

238
Q

What does the nervous system do?

A

send & receive impulses

239
Q

What are the types of nervous cells?

A

neurons & neuroglial cells

240
Q

What do neuroglial cells do?

A

support, nourish & protect neurons

241
Q

What are the major types of membranes?

A

serous
mucous
cutaneous
synovial

242
Q

Where are serous membranes found?

A

lining parts of the body that do NOT open to the outside

243
Q

Where are mucous membranes found?

A

lining parts of the body that DO open to the outside

244
Q

Where are cutaneous membranes found?

A

epidermis & dermis

245
Q

What kind of tissue are serous & mucous membranes made from?

A

epithelium

246
Q

What kind of tissue are cutaneous membranes made from?

A

epithelium & connective tissues

247
Q

What do goblet cells do?

A

secrete mucus

248
Q

What kind of tissue are synovial membranes made from?

A

connective

249
Q

What do synovial membranes do?

A

bind & support

250
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A 
Protection (from pathogens, dehydration)
Maintain body temperature
Cutaneous sensation (sensor receptors in skin)
Metabolic functions (Vit. D production)
Blood reservoir
Excretion
251
Q

Why is vitamin D important?

A

It allows for calcium absorption.

252
Q

What specific type of cells is the epidermis made of?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

253
Q

What are the layers of the skin?

A

epidermis

dermis

254
Q

What is the stratum basale?

A

The embryonic, innermost layer of the epidermis where new cell growth takes place.

255
Q

Where is the stratum basale located?

A

just above the basement layer

256
Q

What is the stratum corneum?

A

The keritanized (dead), outermost layer of the epidermis.

257
Q

Where would you find the basement layer?

A

on the bottom of epithelial cell layers

258
Q

What is the papillae?

A

the ridges where the dermis projects up into the dermis

259
Q

What creates fingerprints?

A

papillae

260
Q

What is collagen and what does it do?

A

a protein that gives skin elasticity

261
Q

What is keratin?

A

a waterproofing protein

262
Q

What is melanin?

A

skin pigment

263
Q

Where does the hair develop/grow from?

A

hair follicle

264
Q

What is the smooth muscle found in the dermis, attached to the hair follicle, that causes the hair to become erect when cold?

A

arrector pili muscle

265
Q

What are sebaceous glands?

A

oil glands

266
Q

What is another term for a sweat gland?

A

sudoriferous gland

267
Q

What are the 2 types of sweat (sudoriferous) glands?

A

eccrine & apocrine

268
Q

Why are eccrine glands activated to cause sweat?

A

due to increased body temperature

269
Q

Why are apocrine glands activated to cause sweat?

A

due to stress, nerves, pain, emotions

270
Q

What are 2 types of modified sweat glands?

A

ceruminous & mammary glands

271
Q

What is cerumin?

A

wax

272
Q

Where are ceruminous glands located?

A

external ear canal

273
Q

What do mammary glands do?

A

create milk via lactation

274
Q

T/F. Stratified squamous epithelium can be found in the epidermis.

A

T

275
Q

T/F. Smooth muscle can be found in the dermis.

A

T (arrector pili muscle)

276
Q

What type of cells make bone?

A

osteoblasts

277
Q

What type of cells make cartilage?

A

chondroblasts

278
Q

What type of cells make blood?

A

hematopoietic stem cells

279
Q

What type of cell makes collagen & extracellular matrix of connective tissue?

A

fibroblasts

280
Q

What is the correct order of the levels of structural hierarchy from lowest to highest?

A

chemical level, cellular level, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

281
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A
  • picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels & returns it to blood
  • disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
  • houses white blood cells involved in immunity
282
Q

What does the respiratory system do?

A

keeps blood supplied with O2 & removes CO2

283
Q

What does the urinary system do?

A
  • eliminates nitrogenous waste

- regulates water, electrolytes & acid/base balance of the body

284
Q

What is the system responsible for reproduction?

A

reproductive system

285
Q

What system is responsible for breaking down food into units that are able to be absorbed?

A

digestive system

286
Q

Which body system protects deeper tissue from injury, makes vitamin D & houses cutaneous receptors/sweat glands/oil glands?

A

integumentary system

287
Q

Which system stores minerals & forms blood cells?

A

skeletal system

288
Q

Which system responds to internal & external changes by activating appropriate muscles & glands?

A

nervous system

289
Q

Which system transports blood (which carries O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, etc)?

A

cardiovascular system

290
Q

What form the framework of the body?

A

bones

291
Q

What is living tissue supplied by blood vessels, lymphatic vessels & nerves?

A

bone

292
Q

The skeleton provides structure for the body & _______ for body organs?

A

protection

293
Q

What is the end of a long bone called?

A

epiphysis

294
Q

What type of bone is the epiphysis made of?

A

spongy bone

295
Q

What is the shaft of a bone called?

A

diaphysis

296
Q

What type of bone is the diaphysis made of?

A

compact bone

297
Q

Many of the various landmarks on bones are points for _____, _______, & ______ attachments.

A

tendon, ligament & muscle

298
Q

Some of the landmarks on bones are spaces through which ______ & ______ pass.

A

nerves & blood vessels

299
Q

What are constructed with fibrous connective tissue, cartilage, or synovial fluid between articulating bones?

A

joints

300
Q

What is a site where 2 or more bones meet?

A

joint/articulation

301
Q

What is the most freely movable joint?

A

ball & socket

302
Q

What disease is characterized by excessive bone deposition & resorption, with resulting bone abnormally high in spongy bone?

A

Paget’s disease

303
Q

What is the name for a number of disorders in adults in which the bone is inadequately mineralized?

A

osteomalacia

304
Q

What is an inadequate mineralization of bones in children caused by insufficient calcium or vitamin D deficiency.

A

Rickets

305
Q

What is a group of diseases in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposit?

A

osteoporosis

306
Q

Who is most at risk of osteoporosis?

A

elderly, postmenopausal, caucasian, women

307
Q

Name 6 functions of bone.

A 
support
protect
movement
mineral & growth factor storage
hematopoiesis (making blood)
fat storage
308
Q

How are fractures classified?

A

Position (displaced/non-displaced)
Completeness of break (complete/incomplete)
Orientation of break to long axis (linear/transverse)
Penetration of skin (open/closed aka compound/simple)

309
Q

What are the 4 major steps in fracture repair?

A

Hematoma forms (bruise)
Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
Bony callus forms
Bone remodeling occurs

310
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

break down bone

311
Q

Where is yellow marrow found?

A

diaphysis of long bones (in adults)

312
Q

Where is red marrow found?

A
  • in the epiphysis of long bones & diploe of flat bones in adults
  • in all of the above plus medullary cavity in infants
313
Q

What is yellow marrow made of?

A

fat

314
Q

Which marrow is more active in hematopoiesis?

A

red marrow

315
Q

Which bones of the body are formed by intramembranous bone growth?

A

skull & clavicles

316
Q

Which bones of the body are formed by endochondral growth?

A

all bones except the skull & clavicles

317
Q

What layer of tissue lies just below the skin (cutaneous layer)?

A

hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)

318
Q

Which layer of the integument (skin) contains a blood supply, nerves & sensory receptors?

A

dermis

319
Q

What is an embryo’s skeleton made of?

A

cartilage & fibrous membranes

320
Q

What kind of ossification occurs when bone develops from fibrous membranes?

A

intramembranous ossification

321
Q

In intramembranous ossification, what is converted to true bone matrix?

A

osteoid

322
Q

What are osteoblasts called once they have been trapped in bone matrix and mature?

A

osteocysts

323
Q

What is the name of the unossified remnants of fibrous membranes in a newborn’s skull?

A

fontanel

324
Q

The human brain expands to what percent of the adult volume during the 1st year of life?

A

50-70%

325
Q

What type of joint is an adult suture?

A

synarthrotic (to protect brain)

326
Q

What type of joint is a newborn suture?

A

amphiarthrotic (to protect brain while still allowing growth)

327
Q

What are the functional classifications of joints?

A

synarthoses (immovable)
amphiarthroses (slightly moveable)
diarthroses (freely moveable)

328
Q

What are the structural classifications of joints?

A

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

329
Q

What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?

A

syndemosis (inferior tib/fib)
suture (skull)
gomphosis (teeth roots

330
Q

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?

A

symphysis (pubic symphysis)

synchondrosis (growth plate)

331
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joints?

A 
gliding (intercarpals)
hinge (elbow)
pivot (C1-C2)
ellipsoid (MCP)
saddle (1st CMC)
ball & socket (hip)
332
Q

What is the coordinating agency for all systems?

A

nervous system

333
Q

What are the 2 structural divisions of the nervous system?

A

CNS (central nervous system)

PNS (peripheral nervous system

334
Q

What parts are included in the CNS (central nervous system)?

A

brain & spinal cord

335
Q

What parts are included in the PNS (peripheral nervous system)?

A

cranial nerves
spinal nerves
peripheral nerves

(All parts of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord)

336
Q

What are the components of the nervous system?

A

neurons & neuroglial cells

337
Q

What are the functioning cells of the nervous system?

A

neurons

338
Q

What are the non-conducting cells of the nervous system that protect & support neurons?

A

neuroglial cells

339
Q

What are the 2 types of appendages or arms of a neuron?

A

dendrites & axons

340
Q

What are the receptors of a neuron called (neuron fibers that conduct impulses to the cell body)?

A

dendrites

341
Q

What part of a neuron conducts impulses away from the cell body?

A

axons

342
Q

What is the “reflex arc?”

A

the complete pathway from stimulus to response

343
Q

What does the receptor (dendrite) do?

A

detects stimulus

344
Q

What are the afferent neurons called (carry impulse to CNS)?

A

sensory neurons

345
Q

Where are impulses coordinated & a response to a stimulus organized?

A

CNS (central nervous system)

346
Q

What are the efferent neurons called (carry impulse away from CNS)?

A

motor neurons

347
Q

What is the muscle or gland outside CNS (central nervous system) that carries out the “response?”

A

effector

XRAY A&P (4 decks)

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