Muscles Flashcards

Study guide

1
Q

Name and describe the three types of muscle

A

-Smooth: involuntary, no striations, lines hollow organs
-Cardiac: involuntary, striated
-Skeletal: Voluntary, striated. Attached to Skeleton

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2
Q

What is the fascia

A

sheet of thick connective tissue surrounding a muscle

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3
Q

What is the epimysium

A

surrounds all fascicles. wraps entire muscle

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4
Q

What is the perimysium

A

coarse membrane surrounding fascicles

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5
Q

What is the endomysium

A

delicate connective tissue sheath around each muscle fiber

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6
Q

Where are myofibrils found? What is their main function?

A

Found inside muscle fibers; contraction/ relaxation

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7
Q

Name and describe the 2 kinds of protein filaments

A

Thick: made of protein myosin. Found in dark bands
Thin: made of contractile actin. Found in dark and light bands

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8
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

smallest contractile unit of myofibrils

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9
Q

What is the I band

A

Thin filament

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10
Q

What is the A band?

A

Thick filament

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11
Q

What is responsible for causing striations in the skeletal muscle?

A

The light/ dark bands (thick/thin filament pattern)

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12
Q

State the sliding filament theory

A

Thick filament slide past thin filaments during muscle contraction, while the filaments stay at relatively constant lengths

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13
Q

What enzyme breaks down ATP into ADP releasing energy

A

ATPase

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14
Q

Neurotransmitters cause skeletal muscle fiber to contract, what is the name of the specific neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine (ACh) found in synaptic vesicles of neuromuscular junctions

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15
Q

What occurs when there is a high concentration of calcium ions present in the sarcoplasm

A

A cross bridge forms (sliding filament theory)

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16
Q

What are the functions of creatine phosphate and ATP in muscle fibers?

A

ATP: releases needed energy
Creatine phosphate: transfers a P group to ADP to regenerate ATP

17
Q

What is myoglobin? Why is it important?

A

iron and oxygen; binding protein

18
Q

How does lactic acid affect muscles?

A

-A lot of glucose used to make only a little ATP
-leads to muscle soreness

19
Q

Describe rigor mortis

A

Contraction of muscles a few hours after death due to the release of Ca+ ions

20
Q

How and why is heat transported throughout the body

A

muscles generate body heat as a by product of contraction to maintain internal temp

21
Q

How are muscles named throughout the body (7 ways)

A

Shape, # of origins, location, size, direction of muscle fibers, action of muscle, origin/ insertion

22
Q

Define origin

A

Attachment that remains immobile

23
Q

Define Insertion

A

attachment where movement occurs

24
Q

Define action

A

type of movement the muscle allows for

25
What is an all-or-none response? Can skeletal muscles contract partially?
When exposed to a stimulus, muscle fibers will contract to its fullest extent, never partially -No, but can be a graded response
26
Define muscle twitch.
Brief contraction followed by relaxation
27
Describe the three phases recorded during a muscle twitch
-Latent period: time between stimulus and response -Period of contraction: muscle pulls attachments -Period of relaxation: muscle returns to former length
28
What is a tetanic contraction?
When the stimulus increases, there is no relaxation between contractions
29
Name the 2 processes that produce a sustained contraction
Summation: next twitch occurs before previous twitch relaxes Recruitment of motor neurons: increase in # of motor units activated as stimulation intensity increases
30
What is peristalsis? Where does this occur in the body?
Wavelike motion in certain tubular organs and helps force the contents of these organs along their lengths Ex: intestines, esophagus