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IPHY 3410 - Exam 2 > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle function (1)

A

Exert force (movement, maintain posture)

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2
Q

Muscle function (2)

A

Stabilize joints

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3
Q

Muscle function (3)

A

Produce heat

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4
Q

Muscle function (4)

A

Protect internal organs

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5
Q

Special feature (1)

A

Contractile (exerts force by contracting/shortening and pulling things together)

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6
Q

Special feature (2)

A

Electrically excitable = allows rapid stimulation of whole cell

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7
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

Voluntary (typically) except reflexes

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8
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

In heart

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9
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

In walls of other hollow organs

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10
Q

What are skeletal muscles main function?

A

To move bones

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11
Q

Skeletal muscle origin attachment

A

The less moveable attachment (proximal)

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12
Q

Skeletal muscle insertion attachment

A

The more moveable attachment (distal)

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13
Q

Skeletal muscles must cross a _____ to act on that _____

A

Joint, joint

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14
Q

What does skeletal muscle action depend on?

A

Side of bone the attachment is on

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15
Q

Muscles do work by ____________ NOT __________

A

Shortening, lengthening

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16
Q

Antagonist

A

Another muscle undoing an action for another muscle’s action

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17
Q

Agonist (prime mover)

A

A muscle that has major responsibility for a particular action

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18
Q

Synergist

A

A muscle that helps the agonist

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19
Q

Sheaths of connective tissue organize what?

A

Muscle fibers

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20
Q

Endomysium

A

Surrounds muscle fiber (delicate white network)

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21
Q

Perimysium

A

Surrounds each fascicle (bundle of muscle fibers wrapped around)

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22
Q

Epimysium

A

Surrounds entire muscle (thickest and wraps around entire muscle)

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23
Q

Tendon

A

Extension of the sheaths (connects muscle to bone)

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24
Q

Fascia

A

Surrounds groups of muscles

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25
Q

Muscle fiber (cell) is normally as long as what/

A

The whole muscle

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26
Q

Myofibrils

A

Long organelles made of actin and myosin filaments

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27
Q

Multinucleate

A

Has many nuclei

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28
Q

In muscle cells, actin and myosin are organized into myofilaments which is a type of what?

A

Microfilament

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29
Q

Striations indicate what?

A

Repeating groups of protein filaments (actin, myosin, etc.)

30
Q

What is each section of myofibril called?

A

Sarcomere

31
Q

Sarcomere

A

Basic functional unit of skeletal muscle contraction

32
Q

Can muscle fiber cells divide after birth?

A

NO!

33
Q

Strength training

A

Each muscle fiber thickens by adding more protein filaments

34
Q

Strength is proportional to _____________________

A

Total cross-sectional area of fibers attached to tendon

35
Q

Which muscles are stronger? Pennate or parallel?

A

Pennate are stronger, but parallel are more flexible/able to contract

36
Q

Satellite cells

A

Undifferentiated cells between muscle fibers

37
Q

Do satellite cells continue dividing?

A

Yes when needed

38
Q

What happens when muscles grow, strengthen, or there is muscle damage?

A

Satellite cells merge with muscle fibers (adds nucelus)

39
Q

Nerve cells

A

Direct nervous stimulation is the ONLY cause of contraction

40
Q

Motor neuron

A

Nerve cell that controls muscle fibers

41
Q

Motor unit

A

Motor neuron + all muscle fibers it innervates

42
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Region where motor neuron contacts muscle fibers

43
Q

What does botox do in the neuromuscular junction?

A

Botox blocks neurons from getting to the muscles (paralyzes face essentially removing wrinkles)

44
Q

What is the sliding filament mechanism?

A

Myosin and actin filaments slide past one another (myosin head crawls along actin)

45
Q

What happens while actin and myosin are sliding against each other in the sliding filament mechanism?

A

The sarcomere shortens by increasing overlap between actin and myosin = FILAMENTS DO NOT SHORTEN

46
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found and is it voluntary?

A

Walls of heart, no

47
Q

What do chains of short branching cells allow for in cardiac muscle?

A

Stacked end-to-end cells allows for coordinating activities

48
Q

How many nuclei are there per cell in cardiac muscle?

A

1 or 2 nuclei per cell

49
Q

Can cardiac muscle cells divide after birth?

A

NO! Stuck with the heart you are born with essentially

50
Q

Intercalated discs

A

Junctions between cells

51
Q

Gap junctions

A

Passageway for communication (ions carry signal between cells)

52
Q

Fasciae adherens

A

Function is resisting tension (hold adjoining cells together)

53
Q

Is cardiac muscle striated?

A

Yes, zig-zag shaped in orderly structure

54
Q

Are sarcomeres present in cardiac muscle?

A

Yes, along with actin and myosin

55
Q

Causes of contraction in cardiac muscle (1)

A

Spontaneously generated signal! (on a timer)

56
Q

Causes of contraction in cardiac muscle (2)

A

Via gap junctions from other cardiac muscle cells (got signal from something)

57
Q

The _____ of spontaneous contraction is/is not affected by nervous input

A

Rate, is

58
Q

Where does smooth muscle form?

A

Walls of hollow organs (other than heart)

59
Q

Are smooth muscle contractions voluntary?

A

No!

60
Q

How many nucleuses per fusiform cell in smooth muscle?

A

1 (uninucleate)

61
Q

Can cells divide after birth in smooth muscle?

A

Yes! They can easily regrow and regenerate better than other tissues

62
Q

Does smooth muscle have striations or sarcomeres?

A

No! Instead, has network of actin and myosin

63
Q

What do all the gap junctions in smooth muscle allow for?

A

Coordinating contractions

64
Q

What is the loose organization of actin and myosin good for?

A

Allows smooth muscle cells to generate force even when greatly stretched (DIG system stretching when there’s food present)

65
Q

What happens when smooth muscle contracts in circular layers?

A

The tube narrows

66
Q

What happens when smooth muscle contracts in longitudinal layers?

A

The tube shortens

67
Q

Smooth muscle contraction cause (1)

A

By direct nervous control (but involuntary)

68
Q

Smooth muscle contraction cause (2)

A

Other chemical signals (ex: hormones/during pregnancy)

69
Q

Smooth muscle contraction cause (3)

A

Stretching

70
Q

Smooth muscle contraction cause (4)

A

Via gap junctions from other smooth muscles

71
Q

Smooth muscle contraction cause (5)

A

Spontaneously generated

IPHY 3410 - Exam 2 (5 decks)

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