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IPHY 3410 - Exam 2 > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

Digestive system function

A

Process food molecules and move them into the blood

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2
Q

What is the flow of the digestive tract?

A

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract –> alimentary canal –> digestive tract –> gut

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3
Q

Organs of the digestive system

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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4
Q

Accessory organs of the digestive system

A

Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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5
Q

What do accessory organs help with?

A

Assisting with digestion but do not carry food at any time

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6
Q

Membrane

A

2 layers (epithelium lines space; CT nourishes epithelium)

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7
Q

Mucosa (mucous membrane)

A

Lines lumen of GI tract, has simple columnar for absorption/secretion

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8
Q

What is the CT layer in the mucosa?

A

Lamina propria

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9
Q

Serosa (serous membrane)

A

Lines peritoneal cavity, mesothelium is simple squamous for sliding around

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10
Q

What is the deep lining CT layer of the serous cavity?

A

Visceral peritoneum

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11
Q

What is the outer lining CT layer of the serous cavity?

A

Parietal peritoneum

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12
Q

Mesentery

A

Double layer of peritoneum connecting parietal and visceral peritoneum

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13
Q

What does the mesentery do?

A

Supports GI tract, carries vessels and nerves, stores fat

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14
Q

Mesentery order

A

Lumen, mucosa etc., visceral peritoneum, peritoneal cavity, parietal peritoneum, mesentery

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15
Q

During development, some organs in the abdominopelvic cavity become buried in the body wall, what is this?

A

Secondarily retroperitoneal (ex: pancreas)

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16
Q

Does the organ still have peritoneum after becoming buried?

A

Yes on one side and adventitia on other side

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17
Q

What are organs called that keep their mesentery?

A

Intraperitoneal (ex: stomach)

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18
Q

Mucosa

A

Closest to lumen

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19
Q

Epithelial layer of mucosa

A

Most simple columnar

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20
Q

Endocrine cells

A

Release product into blood (inside body)

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21
Q

Exocrine cells

A

Release product into lumen (“outside” body) (ex: mucus)

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22
Q

What are other epithelial cells used for in the mucosa?

A

Absorption

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23
Q

What is the rate of cell turn over of epethelium in the mucosa?

A

RAPID

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24
Q

Muscularis mucosae

A

A layer of smooth muscle unique to the digestive system

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25
Q

How does the muscularis mucosae dislodge sharp objects?

A

Twitching

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26
Q

Submucosa

A

Connective tissue (tough but flexible)

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27
Q

Submucosal nerve plexus

A

Network of nerves = part of enteric nervous system (in submucosa)

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28
Q

What else does the submucosa contain other than the submucosal nerve plexus?

A

Blood/lymph vessels, exocrine glands

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29
Q

Muscularis externa

A

Smooth muscle layer

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30
Q

Myenteric nerve plexus

A

Part of enteric nervous system

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31
Q

What is an example of a longitudinal muscle?

A

Peristalsis = pushes food along GI tract

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32
Q

Serosa

A

Serous membrane (visceral serosa or visceral peritoneum)

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33
Q

How does the serosa produce fluid?

A

Produces serous fluid by filtration (mostly)

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34
Q

What is the epithelium in the serosa?

A

Mesothelium

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35
Q

What are the steps of food processing?

A

Ingestion, mechanical breakdown, secretion, chemical digestion, absorption, propulsion, defecation

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36
Q

Ingestion

A

Food taken into mouth

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37
Q

Mechanical breakdown and mixing

A

Breaking down food into smaller parts = more surface area exposed to chemical action

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38
Q

Secretion

A

Ex: secretes enzymes and mucus

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39
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Breaking down large nutrient molecules (proteins) into smaller ones (amino acids)

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40
Q

Absorption

A

Small molecules actively taken up by epithelium = moves into blood or lymph

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41
Q

Propulsion

A

Move food along tract by swallowing and peristalsis (happens throughout process)

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42
Q

Defecation

A

Eliminate indigestible material from anus

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43
Q

Proximal describes the ______ of the GI tract

A

Beginning (following the tube)

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44
Q

Distal describes the ______ of the GI tract

A

End (following the tube)

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45
Q

Mouth (oral cavity)

A

Chewing forms bolus of food (has nonkeratinized stratified squamous)

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46
Q

Salivary glands

A

Secrete saliva into mouth (includes enzymes to initiate carbohydrate digestion in mouth)

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47
Q

Pharynx

A

Skeletal muscles propel food through pharynx = voluntary (has nonkeratinized stratified squamous)

48
Q

Esophagus

A

Delivers food from pharynx to stomach (lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous)

49
Q

Where is the esophagus located?

A

Mediastinum (area between lungs and behind heart)

50
Q

Where does heart burn stem from?

A

The esophagus

51
Q

What kind of muscles does the esophagus have?

A

Smooth AND skeletal muscle (all involuntary) = peristalsis

52
Q

Where is the cardiac sphincter?

A

Cardiac sphincter at exit into stomach (circular muscle layer of muscularis externa is thick)

53
Q

What does the structure of the esophagus help with?

A

Preventing reflux from stomach

54
Q

What does a hiatal hernia cause?

A

The esophagus can’t close which leads to gastroesophageal reflux disease

55
Q

Stomach

A

Store and churn food into chyme (for mechanical breakdown) where then the chemical digestion of proteins begins

56
Q

Secreting acid (HCI)

A

Steralizies and prevents infection; separates molecules (EXOCRINE)

57
Q

Secreting digestive enzyme

A

Breaks down proteins (EXOCRINE)

58
Q

Secreting mucus and bicarbonate

A

EXOCRINE

59
Q

Secreting gastrin hormone (messenger via blood)

A

Stimulates acid secretion (ENDOCRINE)

60
Q

Absorption

A

Some water and ions, NO NUTRIENTS (molecules broken down for energy)

61
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

Thickened CIRCULAR muscle at the distal end of stomach = evens out flow of chyme to small intestine

62
Q

Rugae

A

Folds of mucosa and submucosa = allows distention

63
Q

What is muscularis externa third muscle layer?

A

Oblique (deepest layer)

64
Q

Mucosa in stomach

A

Simple columnar, surface epithelium secretes bicarbonate

65
Q

What is an example of bicarbonate that is secreted in the stomach?

A

Alkaline = neutralizes acid and mucus

66
Q

Are there goblet cells in the stomach?

A

NO!

67
Q

Gastric glands (mucous neck cells)

A

Secrete bicarbonate and mucus

68
Q

Parietal cells (blue)

A

HCI (acid)

69
Q

Chief cells (purple)

A

Pepsinogen (inactive enzyme) begins process of breaking down protein

70
Q

Enteroendocrine cells (green)

A

Gastrin (hormone) secrete hormones and travel thru blood supply

71
Q

Stem cells

A

Between pit/gland boundary

72
Q

GI tract function (1)

A

Chemical digestion (primary site of digestion)

73
Q

GI tract function (2)

A

Absorption (primary site of nutrient absorption)

74
Q

GI tract function (3)

A

Secretion

75
Q

GI tract function (4)

A

Mixing by segmentation (produces segments of contraction at a time)

76
Q

Duodenum

A

Shortest part of small intestine that receives secretion from pancreas and bladder

77
Q

Duodenal glands

A

(in submucosa) Secrete bicarbonate which neutralizes stomach acid and mucus

78
Q

Jejunum

A

Most absorption occurs here

79
Q

Ileum

A

Has peyer’s patches and is in lamina propria and submucosa

80
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

Aggregated lymphoid nodules

81
Q

Small intestine epithelium

A

Simple columnar

82
Q

Plicae circulares (circular folds)

A

Folds of mucosa and submucosa that slow down the passage of chyme and increase surface area

83
Q

Plicae circulares are permanent unlike what?

A

Rugae

84
Q

What is the increased surface area in circular folds good for?

A

Increased surface area to absorption surface = more proteins embedded

85
Q

Villi

A

Projections of mucosa

86
Q

What does villi do?

A

Increase surface area for absorption

87
Q

Where are the nutrients absorbed into villi going to?

A

From gut lumen to blood or lymph

88
Q

What are the sugars and amino acids absorbed by in the villI?

A

Blood capillaries

89
Q

What are the lipids absorbed by in the villi?

A

Lacteals (specialized lymph vessels)

90
Q

Microvilli

A

Tiny bumps on individual cells

91
Q

Absorptive cells

A

Folding of plasma membrane of enterocytes

92
Q

What is microvilli’s functional benefit?

A

Adding surface area for speed of absorption

93
Q

Goblet cells

A

Lubricant for passage of mucus (secretion)

94
Q

Where are the intestinal crypts (glands)?

A

Hidden in mucosa, between villi

95
Q

What are intestinal crypts good for?

A

Secreting intestinal juice and maintaining liquid state of chyme

96
Q

Large intestine function (1)

A

Absorb water, ions, some vitamins. NO NUTRIENTS!

97
Q

Large intestine function (2)

A

Passageway for materials that cannot be absorbed = feces

98
Q

Where is the cecum?

A

Separated from small intestine by ileocecal valve

99
Q

Cecum

A

Prevents backflow into small intestine

100
Q

Vermiform appendix

A

Has lymphoid tissue

101
Q

Appendicitis

A

Inflamed appendix

102
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum (ruptured appendix)

103
Q

Ascending colon

A

Travels across transverse and down descending

104
Q

Transverse colon

A

Travels across

105
Q

Descending colon

A

Traveling down

106
Q

Sigmoid colon

A

Right before the rectum

107
Q

Rectum

A

Muscular organ specialized for defecation

108
Q

Anal canal

A

Opening controlled by internal anal sphincter (smooth muscle) and external anal sphincter (skeletal muscle)

109
Q

Teniae coli

A

Three thickened bands of longitudinal muscle layer

110
Q

Haustra

A

Ball shapes in large intestines to break up feces = due to contraction of teniae coli

111
Q

Epithelium type in wall of large intestine

A

Mostly simple columnar

112
Q

Colonocytes

A

Absorptive cells

113
Q

What do goblet cells do in the wall of the large intestine?

A

Secrete mucus

114
Q

What epithelium is in the distal part of the anal canal?

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous

115
Q

MALT

A

Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

116
Q

Intestinal crypts protect what in the large intestine?

A

Lining (secretes mucus/stem cells)

IPHY 3410 - Exam 2 (5 decks)

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