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Anatatomy and Phisiology > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

to move the body and things within the body –> Contraction

A

Function of Muscle

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2
Q

Name the 3 types of Muscle

A

Smooth, Skeletal and Cardiac

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3
Q

One muscle Cell

A

Fiber

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4
Q

plasma (cell) membrane of muscle cell/fiber

A

Sarcolemma

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5
Q

cytoplasm of muscle cell/fiber

A

Sarcoplasm

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6
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cell, storage area for fiber

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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7
Q

: prefix for muscle terms (e.g., myocyte = muscle cell)

A

Myo

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8
Q

Not striated
Cells are spindle shaped
Centrally located nucleus
Regulated by the ANS
Visceral organs
Involuntary: not under conscious control
Found in hollow viscera, eye, attached to hairs (arrector pili)

A

Smooth Muscle

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9
Q

Found only in the heart
Regulated by ANS
Striations from light and dark bands
Elongated branching cells
Ends of the cells join at intercalated disc
Highly specialized cell membrane –> facilitates transmission of electrical impulse

A

Cardiac Muscle

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10
Q

Makes up majority of muscle mass in body
Striated
Do not branch, no intercalated disk
Innervated by cranial and spinal nerves
Multinucleated cells
Peripherally located nuclei
Voluntary: usually contracts only under conscious control
Exception: reflexes
Required nerve impulse for stimulation

A

Skeletal Muscle

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11
Q

least movable attachment, usually proximal and/or medial

A

Origin

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12
Q

most movable attachment, usually distal and/or lateral

A

Insertion

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13
Q

___________ of the muscle brings origin and insertion closer together

A

Contraction

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14
Q

Skeletal muscle types—action

A

Extensors, Flexors, Adductors, Abductors, Constrictors (sphincters), Dilators, Agonist and Antagonists

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15
Q

extend or increase angle between body parts

A

Extensors

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16
Q

flex or decrease angle between body parts

A

flexors

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17
Q

pull limb toward median plane

A

Adductors

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18
Q

move limb away from median plane

A

Abductors

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19
Q

surround circular opening, close it when they contract

A

Constrictors (sphincters)

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20
Q

surround circular area, open it when they contract (uncommon in mammals)

A

Dilators

21
Q

muscles that promote a given movement

A

Agonists

22
Q

muscles that inhibit a given movement, prevent hyperextension, etc.

A

Antagonists

23
Q

More myoglobin (Mb): oxygen storage
More glycogen: glucose storage
More mitochondria: ATP production
Slow twitch: slower to contract but fatigue slowly
Red muscles are used for endurance

A

Red Muscle Fibers

24
Q

Fast twitch: contract quickly but fatigue faster
Example: Rabbits have a quick burst of activity, not for endurance.

A

White Muscle Fibers

25
Q

Parallel, Pennate, Fleshy, Oblique

A

Muscle Fibers Arrangements in Muscle

26
Q

tendon comes off ends of fibers to attach to bone
Example: pectoralis muscle

A

Parallel Muscle Shape

27
Q

feather-like with central tendon, wide at the top and converges at the tendon
Example: biceps

A

Pennate Muscle Shape

28
Q

appears to attach directly to bone, but has short (microscopic) tendons between muscle fibers and bone

A

Fleshy Muscle Shape

29
Q

circular or convergent (abdomen)

A

Oblique Muscle Shape

30
Q

Loose C.T. around muscle cells

A

endomysium

31
Q

Loose C.T. around muscle bundles (fascicles) of muscle cells

A

perimysium

32
Q

Dense irregular to regular C.T. around whole muscle

A

epimysium

33
Q

Endomysium, perimysium and epimysium all meet at ends (or center for pennate muscles) to become

A

Tendons to attach to bones –>transfers movement and energy of contraction to bones

34
Q

Endomysium, perimysium and epimysium are…..

A

C.T. harnessing muscle

35
Q

Muscle cell (fiber) composed of

A

Myofibrils

36
Q

These are composed of protein myofilaments
and have Myosin and Actin

A

Myofibrils

37
Q

thick filament

A

Myosin

38
Q

thin filament

A

Actin

39
Q

Arrangement makes units called ______ along myofibril
Banding pattern—striations

A

sarcomeres

40
Q

Banding pattern

A

striations

41
Q

length of myosin filament, includes overlap with actin, stains dark
Always he same length

A

A band

42
Q

actin only, does not include area of overlap with myosin, stains light
Change with contractions and relaxation (length)

A

I band

43
Q

myosin only without actin overlap
Change with contractions and relaxation (length)

A

H band

44
Q

ends of sarcomere, connects actin filaments

A

Z line

45
Q

middle of sarcomere, connects myosin filaments

A

M line

46
Q

Protein filament
Individual myosin filaments resemble golf clubs, fit together with heads at ends sticking out all around
No heads in middle of filament
Head is heavy meromyosin (HMM)
Neck is light meromyosin (LMM)

A

Myosin Filament

47
Q

Protein myofilament
3 parts

Individual actin molecules are globular (G-actin) and fit together like beads on a string –> 2 strands of G-actins twisted around each other make the actin filament

Groove of actin filament (between actin strands) has a different strand of protein –> tropomyosin

Tropomyosin has a globular protein, troponin, spaced along it

Has binding sites for myosin heads along filament, in relaxation tropomyosin covers these binding sites so that actin and myosin do not interact

A

Actin Filament

48
Q

Synapse of a motor neuron on a skeletal muscle fiber

Cell bodies of motor neurons in ventral horns of spinal cord

One motor neuron usually branches to synapse on many skeletal muscle cells

One motor unit: one motor neuron + all skeletal muscle fibers it innervates (synapses with)

A

Neuromuscular junction or motor endplate

49
Q
A

Anatatomy and Phisiology (5 decks)

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