Basics of Structure and Function: The Cell Flashcards
the smallest unit of life
Cells
A group of cells performing the same function (muscles, nerves)
Tissue
two or more types of tissues (skin, kidney, intestine, liver)
Organ
2+ organs working together (respiratory, digestive, reproductive, cardiovascular
Organ System
(bipolar: outside = hydrophilic, inside hydrophobic)
Lipid bilayer
(plasmalemma) has lipid bilayer and integral proteins
Cell membrane
Carriers, channels, receptors
Integral proteins
Nucleus, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Mitochondria, Lysosomes and Centrosome
Organelles of the Cell
control center
DNA and RNA
Nucleus
Rough ER: protein synthesis
Smooth ER: lipid synthesis
Endoplastic reticulum
protein synthesis
Rough ER
lipid synthesis
Smooth ER
packaging materials
Form vesicles, lysosomes
Golgi apparatus
powerhouse
Citric acid cycle
Mitochondria
intracellular digestion
Lysosomes
spindle pole to organize during cell division
Centrosome
Occurs in mitochondria
Citric acid cycle
Aerobic (oxygen)
Metabolic oxidation
Catabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
Produces ATP
Also produces metabolic water
Energy Production
Transcription
Translation
Mitosis
Function of DNA and RNA
increases cell size or number tissue size organ size
Cell growth
reproduction of cells
Hyperplasia
increased size of a cell with increased functional capacity
Hypertrophy
decreased size of cell/s, not being used so tissue decreases in size (muscles in arm when in a cast)
Atrophy
tissue doesn’t develop completely
Hypoplasia
tissue doesn’t develop at all
Aplasia
produce more cells and/or organisms
Can be Asexual or Sexual
Reproduction
mitosis—most cells
Asexual
meiosis—gonads only in multicellular organisms
Sexual
utilization of nutrients
Can be anabolism or catabolism
Metabolism
Building nutrients
Anabolism
Breakdown of nutrients
Catabolism
Irritability (excitability
Nervous and endocrine system mostly in multicellular organisms
Getting material in/out of cells
Diffusion,
Active transport
Endocytosis
Phagocytosis
pinocytosis,
Exocytosis
Properties of Cells
react to stimuli
Irritability (excitability)
Diffusion,
Active transport
Endocytosis
Phagocytosis
pinocytosis,
Exocytosis
Getting material in/out of cells
Organic Molecules in living tissue
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Inorganic Molecules in Living Tissue
Calcium in bone
Other trace minerals
Electrolytes: sodium, chloride, potassium
Iron in RBCs,
Iodine in thyroid hormones
Two Types of Proteins
Structural and Reactive
Protein type that has parts of cells, tissues, organs
Structural
Protein Type that has enzymes, receptors, hormones, contractile, antibodies
Reactive
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary
Protein Structure
Which protein structure is a sequence of A.A.
Primary
Which protein structure is a conformation of polypeptide chain
Secondary
Protein Structure of folding of the chain—globular or not
Tertiary
Protein structure joining of 2 or more polypeptide chains
Quaternary
Most of cell membrane, some hormones (steroids, prostaglandins), some vitamins (Vitamin D)
Cholesterol (part of cell membrane, basis of steroid hormones)
Triglycerides
Waxes (lanolin)
Storage form of energy in the body
Lipids (fats)
Used for energy
Sugars and starches
Glucose—glycolysis
Glycogen—polymer
Carbohydrates
In DNA and RNA
Genetics and protein synthesis
Nucleic acids
