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Science For Physiotherapy > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Contractibility

A

Ability of a muscle to shorten with force

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2
Q

Excitability

A

Capacity of muscles to respond to a stimulus

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3
Q

Extensibility

A

Muscles can be stretched to its normal resting length and beyond to limit degree

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4
Q

Elasticity

A

Ability of muscles to recoil to its original resting length after being stretched

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5
Q

What are the 3 main types of muscle ?

A

Skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle

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6
Q

What is the function of a tendon ?

A

Connects bone to muscle
Helps prevent muscle injury by absorbing some of the impact

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7
Q

What is the function of the fascia ?

A

Provides support for the surrounding tissue and helps reduce friction

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8
Q

What is the function of a muscle ?

A

Responsible for movement - contraction and relaxation

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9
Q

What is the function of the myotendinous junction

A

The interface between muscle and tendon where the force is transmitted between two tissue

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10
Q

What is the function of the osteotendinous junction ?

A

Site of connection between the bone and is also the tendon insertion site
-> provides gradual transition from tendiunous to bone

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11
Q

What is the function of the tendon sheath ?

A

Protects tendons and allow target to move smoothly and freely
Also helps anchor the tendon to the muscle

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12
Q

What are the 4 ways muscle contraction can be stopped - explain in a sentence?

A

Energy systems fatigue
- no more ATP left in muscle cells so it can’t keep contracting

Nervous system fatigue
- nervous system is unable to create impulses sufficiently enough to maintain the stimulus and cause calcium to be released

Voluntary system control
- the nerve that tells the muscle to contract stops sending the signal because the Brain tells it to, no more calcium ions can enter = contraction stops
Involuntary nervous system

Involuntary nervous system control
sensory neurone (nerves that detect stimuli such as pain) provides feedback to the brain indicating that the muscle is injured while you are trying to lift a heavy weight = the impulse telling the muscle to contact is stopped

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13
Q

What are muscle spindles and their role?

A

act as stretch receptors controlling the length of the muscle
They sense how far and how fast the muscle is being stretched
Contraction = reflex hammer

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14
Q

What are Golgi tendons organs and their role ?

A
  • Nerve fibres that weave between the collagen fibres of the tendon (proprioreceptors)
  1. Sensitive to change in muscle tension
  2. Muscle contracts the nerve, fibres are compressed triggering a stimulus
  3. Monitors extent of a muscle contraction and force exerted
  4. Inhibition of muscle
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15
Q

Muscle tone

A

Constant tension by the muscles for long periods of time / acting against gravity

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16
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

Change in length but tension is constant (dynamic)
-> CONCENTRIC AND ECCENTRIC

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17
Q

Concentric contraction

A

The muscle shortens
The internal force generated is greater than the external force applied

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18
Q

Eccentric contraction

A

The muscle lengthens, whilst maintaining tension
External force applied is greater than the internal force generated

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19
Q

Isometric contraction

A

No change in length but tension increases
External force = internal force

20
Q

Isokinetic contraction

A

Occurs when the velocity of a muscle contraction remains constant while the length of the muscle changes

21
Q

The force exerted in an isokinetic contraction is not fixed and varies depending on what 3 factors

A

Position
ROM of the joint
Effort applied

22
Q

What factors affect the strength of muscle contraction

A

Recruitment - past experience, muscle fibres, frequency of neural stimulation of motor unit

Type of muscle fibre - fast and slow twitch

Length and tension relationship - best in mid range , maximum overlap

Age - older = slower

Height - taller = further impulses have to travel

23
Q

When muscle is in the outer range what does this mean for muscle length

A

Muscle is at its longest

( from full stretched to mid point of the full range)

24
Q

When muscle is in the inner range what does this mean for muscle length

A

Muscle is at its shortest

(From the midpoint to full contraction)

25
Q

What is force

A

An influence that can change the velocity of a body

26
Q

Lever

A

A simple machine made of a rigid beam and fulcrum

-> most joints in the body act as a lever

27
Q

Fulcrum

A

The point around which a lever pivots

28
Q

Moment

A

The turning effect of a force

The further away the lever is the easier it is to move ( think of a door the Handle is further away from the hinge)

29
Q

Moment equation

A

Moment = force x distance

30
Q

Varus

A

Bowing of the knees - point out

31
Q

Valgus

A

Knock knees - point in

32
Q

Centre of gravity

A

Moments acting on a body are in equilibrium

33
Q

Muscle origin

A

Refers to one end of a muscle generally at the location where it attaches to a bone

34
Q

Muscle insertion

A

The end of the muscle furthest away from the torso

(A muscles distal attachment)

35
Q

Kinematics

A

Deals with just the movement of the body

36
Q

Moment example of holding a weight in your hand

A

there are two moments
-> weight of the forearm
-> the weight of the weight in the hand

There are two forces trying to pull down these two moments.

The effort of the bicep is creating a moment in the opposite direction (anti-clockwise).

To be in equilibrium you need to have a moment pulling anticlockwise equal to the moment pulling clockwise. If moments aren’t equal then flexion can occur.

37
Q

Ground reaction force

A

When we apply force into the ground (weight and when pushing ie walking) the ground pushes back in an equal and opposite reaction

38
Q

Viscosity

A

Measure of resistance to flow

When muscles are working stress builds up, as load is taken off there is little lag / lingering whilst strain remains for a while

39
Q

If there is a higher temperature what does this mean for viscosity

A

There is a lower velocity for higher temperature

-> if you warm up (ie before exercise) you can manipulate the muscles better and can overload more as you become more flexible

40
Q

Creep

A

Progressive deformation of structure overtime when it is under constant load

-> the stress is the same throughout, with gradual deformation overtime
-> if in a constant position over time = valgus

41
Q

Stress relaxation

A

Gradual decrease in stress without any change in the strain

42
Q

Why is stress relation important

A

Don’t want to over stretch or overload

43
Q

Tensile

A

Pulling on something

44
Q

Hysteresis

A

Load increases as elongation increases

45
Q

What happens if the loading occurs in a stressful way during hysteresis

A

It wont return to the same point of the beginning each time, some energy is lost as heat as the muscles are stretched

-> increase in heat from hysteresis = increase in velocity

46
Q

Stress

A

Tension or exertion on a body part

47
Q

Strain

A

Stretched or torn muscle (elongation)

Science For Physiotherapy (4 decks)

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