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Gross Anatomy > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

what is sarcolemma

A

outer cell membrane on striated muscle fibers

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2
Q

what are the functions of the sarcolemma

A

excitable membrane, can pass an electrical current, and acts as a barrier

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3
Q

do skeletal muscle cells have multiple nuclei

A

yes, one is not enough, they are too long

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4
Q

what is muscle tone

A

(readiness to fire) the continuous and passive partial contraction of the muscles, or the muscle’s resistance to passive stretch during resting state

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5
Q

where do you want your muscles to be at on the muscle tone scale

A

just below firing threshold (fibers will be slightly firing)

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6
Q

when does a spasm or twitch occur

A

when the muscle tone is too high or there is too much stimulation

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7
Q

what happens to muscle tone during REM sleep

A

the tone shuts down or decreases

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8
Q

why do our muscles act as a smooth movement

A

because the muscles are continuously and steadily contracting/firing as it is being used

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9
Q

what is a myofilament

A

actin and myosin stacked end to end, a protein filament that makes up a myofibril

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10
Q

what makes up a myofibril

A

myofilaments: actin and myosin, longitudinal fibril

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11
Q

what makes up a muscle cell

A

myofibrils; cells that make up muscle tissue

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12
Q

how does a muscle grow

A

most of the time the muscle cells get larger (myofilaments get bigger) through exercise

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13
Q

what does new research suggest for how muscle cells grow

A

through satellite stem cells

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14
Q

if you cut through a muscle, will it regenerate

A

yes, to a certain extent

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15
Q

what is a sarcomere

A

a minimal contractile or functional unit (basic unit), actin -thin filament and myosin- thick filament as “parts”, stack these on end to make a myofilament

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16
Q

what is sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

surrounds the myofibrils; an exchange or turnover system of oxygen and fuel, stores and releases calcium ions during muscle contraction and absorb them during relaxation

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17
Q

what is the true measure of physical fitness

A

speed of recovery and the VO2 max

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18
Q

what is endomysium

A

a thin layer of connective tissue around each muscle cell/fiber, separates the muscle fibers in a fascicle

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19
Q

what is a fascicle

A

bundle of muscle fibers wrapped by perimysium

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20
Q

what is a “muscle”

A

a bundle of fascicles surrounded by epimysium

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21
Q

what is epimysium

A

dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle

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22
Q

what do you have left if you take away all the muscle fibers (cells)

A

a connective harness (3 layers of “mysiums”: endo, epi, peri)

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23
Q

what happens when you “pull” a muscle

A

you are either tearing the connective harness or tendon

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24
Q

what are the 4 types of muscle

A

circular, convergent, parallel, and pennate (bipennate or unipennate)

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25
Q

what is a circular muscle

A

a sphincteral muscle, surrounds a body opening

26
Q

what is a convergent muscle

A

(pectoralis major) “fan shaped” arises from a broad area and converges to a single tendon

27
Q

what is a parallel muscle

A

(biceps brachii) “tubular or cigar shaped” forces are parallel

28
Q

what is an example of a bipennate muscle

A

rectus femoris

29
Q

what is an example of a unipennate muscle

A

extensor digitorium longus

30
Q

what is a pennate muscle

A

feather like, distribute the load, high efficiency, tend to be type I

31
Q

what are the 2 muscle roles

A

stabilizing and mobilizing

32
Q

what muscle role is a type I muscle

A

stabilizing

33
Q

what muscle role is a type II muscle

A

mobilizing

34
Q

what type of muscle is the red-slow fiber

A

Type I

35
Q

what type of muscle is the white-fast fiber

A

Type II

36
Q

what are the characteristics of a Type I fiber

A

deep, postural or anti-gravity, high endurance, crosses one joint, oxidative

37
Q

what are the characteristics of a Type II fiber

A

low endurance, inefficient, superficial muscle, crosses 2 joints, glycolytic (anaerobic)

38
Q

what is smooth muscle

A

unstriated, spindle-shaped, randomly arranged, involuntary, autonomic, visceral muscle, slow contraction

39
Q

what is cardiac muscle

A

striated, involuntary visceral muscle (walls of heart and adjacent parts of the vessels) autonomic, held together by discs

40
Q

what is atrial fibrillation

A

loses the “beat” or rhythm of the cardiac muscle, the heart can stop suddenly

41
Q

what is the origin of a muscle

A

a fixed point where the muscle attaches to bone

42
Q

what is the insertion of a muscle

A

the more distal point, end that tends to move

43
Q

what are the 4 types of muscle action

A

agonist, antagonist, synergist, and stabilizer

44
Q

what is an agonist muscle

A

the prime mover, causes specific movement through its own contraction

45
Q

what is an antagonist muscle

A

it opposes the agonist, returns the limb to its initial position

46
Q

what is a synergist muscle

A

assists, supports, or helps perform the same set of joint motion as the agonist “neutralizer”

47
Q

what is a stabilizer muscle

A

supports joints at rest or during other movements (postural muscles)

48
Q

what is a neuromuscular junction

A

connects the nervous system to the muscular system via synapses

49
Q

what is the neurotransmitter that activates the neuromuscular junction

A

acetylcholine

50
Q

what happens with myasthenia gravis

A

you first get neuromuscluar weakness first in the eyelid (ptosis) then speaking, then swallowing

51
Q

what is the standard way to describe muscles and their function

A

OINA

52
Q

what is muscle action

A

named for the joint where the action is of the affected muscles

53
Q

what does smooth muscle (not jerky) action rely on

A

all 4 actions to happen at once (agonist, antagonist, synergist, and stabilizer)

54
Q

what are you testing when you check reflexes

A

the connections to the spinal cord and that the muscles are all working together like they should

55
Q

where in the brain are muscle movements controlled/coordinated

A

the cerebellum

56
Q

what is an ataxia

A

a neurological sign consisting of lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements

57
Q

what happens when two cardiac muscle touch each other

A

they start beating together

58
Q

If someone is paralyzed from the neck down, do they still have reflexes

A

yes they still work, they are hyper-reflexive (even stronger than before) muscle tone is set too high

59
Q

what happens if you cut a nerve i.e. the femoral nerve

A

you wouldn’t have reflexes anymore

60
Q

what are the 3 layers of connective tissue in a skeletal muscle

A

epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium

Gross Anatomy (3 decks)

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