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Gross Anatomy > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

what is the alimentary canal

A

the digestive tract (food enters the body and solid waste is expelled)

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2
Q

what is the average length of the alimentary canal

A

about 40ft long

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3
Q

what is the length of the small intestine

A

15ft

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4
Q

what is the length of the colon

A

3ft

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5
Q

what is the average time of transit for food through the body

A

about 40 hours

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6
Q

what would stall the transit of food

A

opiates or other medications, state of health, type of food eaten

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7
Q

where does absorption of nutrients occur

A

in the small intestine

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8
Q

how many external layers are in the alimentary canal

A

4, mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa

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9
Q

what is the mucosa layer of the alimentary canal

A

the innermost epithelial layer, high turnover, single layer

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10
Q

what is the submucosa layer of the alimentary canal

A

just external to the mucosa, contains blood vessels, nerves, glands, and lymphatic vessels

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11
Q

what is the muscularis layer of the alimentary canal

A

it is smooth muscle, circular and longitudinal, autonomic, constant movement, surrounds the submucosa

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12
Q

what is the serous layer of the alimentary canal

A

the outermost layer of the tube, lined by a serous membrane- peritoneum

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13
Q

what is the “second brain”

A

the digestive system, it has about as many neurons as the brain

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14
Q

why is a perforating ulcer life threatening

A

digestive juices and food enter the abdomen

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15
Q

what are serous membranes

A

they secrete lubricating fluids

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16
Q

what are the 4 types of serous membranes

A

peritoneum, mesentery, omentum, and retroperitoneum

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17
Q

what is pertioneum

A

a serous membrane that lines the walls of the abdominal cavity, single layer (visceral and parietal)

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18
Q

what is mesentery

A

a double layer of peritoneum, connects the intestines to the dorsal abdominal wall

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19
Q

what is the omentum

A

4 layers (double the mesentery), support and cushioning

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20
Q

what is retroperitoneum

A

the space between the peritoneum and the posterior abdominal wall that contains the kidneys

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21
Q

what is the esophagus

A

muscular tube which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach

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22
Q

what pushes food down the esophagus

A

peristalsis not gravity

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23
Q

what is the default position of a sphincter

A

closed- open when activated (autonomically controlled)

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24
Q

where is the cardiac sphincter

A

between the esophagus and the stomach

25
Q

what is GERD

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease- leakage back into the esophagus

26
Q

how much can the stomach normally hold

A

about 1 liter

27
Q

what is the function of the stomach

A

it is mainly a holding tank, it does start digesting the tough stuff/proteins

28
Q

what is the acid level in the stomach

A

about 2.0 pH very strong

29
Q

what protects the stomach from the strong acid produced

A

a heavy mucous layer is secreted

30
Q

why do people develop stomach ulcers

A

it is a high risk area, lots of turnover

31
Q

where is the pyloric sphincter

A

between the stomach and small intestine

32
Q

what is an ulcer

A

discontinuity or break in a membrane, not caused by stress

33
Q

what is the duodenum

A

the first section of the small intestine

34
Q

what does the duodenum do

A

it adds sodium bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid and begins to digest food

35
Q

where is the gall bladder

A

under the liver and connects to the duodenum

36
Q

what is bile

A

dark green, yellowish brown fluid produced by the liver to aid in digestion of lipids in the small intestine

37
Q

what does the pancreas do

A

produces enzymes that are going to be dumped into the small intestine to help with digestion

38
Q

what does the liver do

A

detoxifies, protein synthesis, and produces bile

39
Q

what is hepatitis

A

liver inflammation, can be caused by alcoholism or drug abuse

40
Q

what is cirrhosis

A

scaring of the liver due to chronic inflammation

41
Q

what is a side effect of cirrhosis

A

jaundice (yellow pigmentation of the skin, can be seen on sclera)

42
Q

what does the small intestine do

A

constant peristalsis, adds water and enzymes, main job is absorbing nutrients

43
Q

how big is the small intestine diameter

A

about 1 in

44
Q

what happens if the small intestine gets twisted

A

it will become ischemic and die

45
Q

where is the ileocecal valve

A

from small intestine to the large intestine

46
Q

what do intestinal villi and microvilli do

A

located in the intestinal wall to increase surface area and increase absorption

47
Q

what is the hepatic portal system

A

a system of veins that direct blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver

48
Q

what are the 4 parts of the colon

A

ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid

49
Q

how big is the diameter of the colon

A

3 in

50
Q

does the colon do peristalsis

A

no, it only has weak muscles to massage what is inside

51
Q

what is the main job of the colon

A

to reabsorb the water that the small intestine added

52
Q

how does the colon move the waste

A

through ambulation (walking)

53
Q

how much of the feces is bacteria

A

about 2/3 (alive and dead)

54
Q

where is the cecum

A

the beginning of the colon, it is a blind area/dead end

55
Q

where is the rectum

A

the final straight portion of the large intestine, temporary storage point for feces

56
Q

where is the appendix

A

at the junction of the small and large intestine, in the lower right abdomen (4in long)

57
Q

who typically gets their gall bladders removed

A

late 20 year old females

58
Q

what happens to the bile after the gall bladder is removed

A

it is constantly released as a steady stream (eating fatty foods is problematic)

Gross Anatomy (3 decks)

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