Circulation Flashcards
what happens to the blood flow if you have a disease of lung condition (COPD, pulmonary hypertension)
blood gets trapped in the right atrium and it becomes larger
what is blood pressure measured in
systolic/diastolic
what might be a sign during a blood pressure reading that someone has a lung or circulation problem
the diastolic number will be very high
what are the 3 most common medications for people over the age of 55
Lasix, BP medications, and Digitalis
what are the (R&L) atrium
chambers in which blood enters the heart from the body
how many chambers does the heart have
4, 2 atrium and 2 ventricles
what are the (R&L) ventricles
large chambers that collect blood received from the atrium and pump it back to the body
what are the two atrioventricular valves
bicuspid and tricuspid
what do the atrioventricular valves do
small valves that prevent back flow from the ventricles into the atrium during systole
what are the two semilunar valves
aortic and pulmonary
what do the semilunar valves do
they permit blood to be forced into the artiums, but prevent back flow of blood from the artiums to the ventricles
where are the semilunar valves located
at the base of the pulmonary trunk and the aorta
what is the aorta
distributes oxygenated blood to all parts of the body through systemic circulation (largest artery in the body)
what does the pulmonary trunk do
branches into (R&L) pulmonary arteries, carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
what do the pulmonary veins do
carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium (4 total, 2 in each lung)
what is cardiopulmonary circulation
oxygen depleted blood is pumped away from the heart via the pulmonary artery to the lungs and returned oxygenated to the heart via the pulmonary vein
what is myocardium
the muscular tissue of the heart (middle layer)
what is epicardium
outer layer of the heart tissue (outside surface of the heart)
what is endocardium
the innermost layer of the heart, lines the chamber
what is pericardium
double walled sac containing the heart and roots of the great vessels
what is a myocardial infarction
a heart attack
what is the pleural cavity
the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura
where is the visceral pleura
covers the lungs
where is the parietal pleura
lining the outside of the lung and visceral
why do the visceral and parietal pleura secrete a lubricant
so the lungs can rolls over the pleura and not get suck as they inflate/deflate
what is the bronchi (bronchus)
passage of airway in the respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs, branches into smaller tubes
what is the mediastinum
the ares between the lungs (anatomical region)
what is the diaphragm
a sheet of skeletal muscle that extends across the bottom of the rib cage, flattens to increase the volume on inhale
what is the phrenic nerve
originates in C3-C5, passes down between the lungs and heart and extends to the diaphragm
what is pleural pneumonia
fluid between the visceral and parietal pleura
what is bronchial pneumonia
fluid inside the lungs (cough stuff up)
what is the tunica intima
surrounds the lumen (endothelial layer)
what is arterial sclerosis
inflammation of the endothelial layer of the tunica intima- plaque, calcium, cholesterol builds up
what is the tunica media
the muscle layer (smooth muscle), changes the diameter of the lumen
do both veins and arteries have a tunica media
yes, it is thinner in veins
what is the tunica adventitia
the outer supporting layer (primarily collagen) that holds the shape
what is the lumen
the space in the middle of an artery or vein
is the lumen flat or open
it is a potential space and veins are flat when empty
where are valves located in arteries and veins
none in arteries, only certain veins have them to help with venous return
what arteries are elastic arteries
aorta, pulmonary trunk, subclavians and brachiocephalic
what are elastic arteries
located in the larger arteries to increase blood flow, pushes blood out with an extra kick as it leaves the heart
what are muscular arteries
they get big and small, control blood pressure and where blood is going in the body
which arteries are muscular
the rest of the arteries that are not elastic
what are arterioles
smaller arteries that extend and branch out from an artery to a capillary (no adventitia layer)
what are venules
very small blood vessels that allow blood to return from the capillary beds to the larger veins
what are capillaries
the smallest blood vessels, connect arterioles and venules
how many layers do capillaries have
only 1 layer (endothelium and basal lamina)
what is the purpose of capillaries
designed to leak tissue fluid through fenestrations between and in the cells (leaves the blood cells and larger proteins behind)
what are capillary beds
an interweaving network of capillaries that supply an organ, opened and closed with sphincters
where are tight junctions located in capillaries
where there needs to be a barrier (no fenestrations) blood brain barrier, blood placenta barrier
what are the sphincters called that open and close capillary beds
precapillary sphincters
what is the 3 basic layer structure of an artery and vein
tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia
how much of the body can receive blood at one time
40%
how much fluid is circulating in the body
8 liters
how much of the total fluid in the body is blood
5 liters
how much of the total fluid in the body is circulating as tissue fluid
3 liters
what is the lymphatic system for
to recycle tissue fluid and put it back into the subclavians
where are lymph nodes located
wherever there is drainage, drains into the upper veins and gets recycled
why does someone have edema or kidney failure
improper fluid circulation (lymphatic problem)
