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Anatomy > Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A
  • longest cell type
  • voluntary
  • multinucleate
  • striated
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2
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A
  • involuntary
  • striated
  • uninucleate
  • intercalated disc
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3
Q

Smooth Muscle

A
  • not striated
  • walls of hollow organs (viscera)
  • involuntary
  • uninucleate
  • slow & sustained contractions
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4
Q

4 muscle functions

A
  1. movement
  2. maintaining posture
  3. stabilizing joints
  4. generates heat
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5
Q

muscle cells are called…

A

fibers

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6
Q

4 functional characteristics

A
  1. excitability/irritability
  2. contractility
  3. extensibility
  4. elasticity
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7
Q

which functional characteristic has the ability to respond to stimuli usually by neurotransmitter and is the response from electrical generation from Ionic Gradient

A

Excitability/Irritability

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8
Q

Which functional characteristic has the ability to shorten

A

contractility

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9
Q

which functional characteristic has the ability to stretch/extend

A

extensibility

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10
Q

which functional characteristic has the ability to regain resting length after stretching

A

elasticity

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11
Q

insertion

A

more moveable

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12
Q

orgin

A

less moveable

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13
Q

direct attachment

A

epimysium -> periosteum

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14
Q

indirect attachment

A

epimysium -> C.T.

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15
Q

is indirect or direct attachment more common?

A

indirect

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16
Q

what is the fiber’s cytoplasm called

A

sarcoplasm

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17
Q

sarcoplasm is high in ____ & ____

A

glycogen & myoglobin

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18
Q

what are the rodlike structures that run entire length of cell and are densely packed

A

myofibrils

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19
Q

what are the striations made up of

A

repeating series of bands (dark & light)

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20
Q

which striation is dark, polarized visible light

A

A-Band

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21
Q

which striation is light & nonpolarized

A

I-Band

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22
Q

when is the H zone visible

A

in relaxed muscle

23
Q

where proteins help hold myosin in place

A

M Line

24
Q

these help hold actin in place

A

Z Discs

25
Q

what is the smallest contractile unit of muscle

A

sarcomere

26
Q

each thick filament is surrounded by ___

A

6 thin filaments

27
Q

thick filaments are made of____

A

myosin

28
Q

the tail of thick filaments consist of 2 _____

A

interwoven heavy polypeptide chains

29
Q

thick filaments have ____ & _____

A

ATP binding sites & ATPase

30
Q

thin filaments are made of ____

A

actin, troponin, tropomyosin

31
Q

actin is made of ___

A

polypeptide globular actin

32
Q

what spirals around “actin core” to hell straighten it & blocks the actin active sites at rest

A

Tropomyosin

33
Q

what is another protein that holds tropomyosin in place

A

Troponin

34
Q

what surrounds each myofibril like a sleeve, forms large cross channels called terminal cisternae, covers where the A & I bands meet, & regulates intracellular levels of Ionic Calcium

A

SR (Sarcoplasmic Reticulum)

35
Q

what enhances cellular communication, is like penetrating wires between myofibrils, & run between terminal cisternae forming triad relations

A

T-Tubules (Transverse Tubules)

36
Q

What happens during the Sliding Filament Theory

A
  • myosin heads attach to actin sites & act like tiny ratchets pulling thin filaments towards the M Line
  • distance between Z Discs shorten
  • A Bands move closer together
  • H Zone disappears
37
Q

what is the spot where an individual axon ending meets/joins w a single muscle fiber

A

neuromuscular junctions

38
Q

what usually exists between a neuromuscular junction

A

a synaptic cleft

39
Q

what is a single action potential of a motor neuron & its effect on a motor unit

A

the muscle twitch

40
Q

what are the 3 phases of the muscle twitch

A
  1. Latent period
  2. Period of contraction
  3. Period of relaxation
41
Q

the graded response (degree of contraction) is based on ____

A

the frequency/strength of the signal

42
Q

muscle tone =

A

low levels of contractility

43
Q

Isotonic Contraction

A
  • muscle shortens (concentric contraction or lengthens eccentric)
  • a load is moved
44
Q

Isometric Contractions

A

•no change in length (wall sit)

45
Q

fine motor control = ___ motor units

A

small

46
Q

gross motor control = ___ motor units

A

large

47
Q

slow (oxidative) fibers

A
  • red fibers due to myoglobin

* many mitochondria, slow speed, & long duration

48
Q

Fast (Oxidative) Fibers

A
  • intermediate fibers (red to pink)

* actions between slow & glycolytic

49
Q

Fast (Glycolytic) Fibers

A
  • white fibers

* fast speed, intense movements

50
Q

degenerative size reduction due to inactivity

A

atrophy

51
Q

the inability of a muscle to contract due to prolonged exercise

A

fatigue

52
Q

the increase in tissue size

A

hypertrophy

53
Q

what kind of exercise increases capillaries & mitochondria, causes the fibers to synthesize more myoglobin, & increases muscles capacity for cellular respiration

A

aerobic exercise

Anatomy (4 decks)

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