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Anatomy > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

1
Q

purines

A

Adenine (A) & Guanine (G)

double rings

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2
Q

pyrimidines

A

Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), Uracil (U- in RNA only)

single ring

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3
Q

what is attached to the 3’ carbon

A

-OH group

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4
Q

what is attached to the 5’ carbon

A

phosphate group

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5
Q

what does each nucleotide consist of?

A

one sugar- deoxyribose
one phosphate group
one nitrogenous base

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6
Q

what are considered polymers of nucleotides?

A

DNA & other nucleic acids

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7
Q

what is the DNA backbone made of?

A

phosphate groups alternating w the sugar deoxyribose

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8
Q

the step-like connections between the backbones are ___

A

pairs of nitrogen bases

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9
Q

nitrogenous bases are united by what type of bonds

A

hydrogen bonds

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10
Q

A-T has how many H bonds

A

2

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11
Q

C-G has how many H bonds

A

3

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12
Q

what type of bond forms between a phosphate group of one nucleotide and a -OH group of another

A

phosphodiester bond

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13
Q

True/False: bases sticking out of each chain line up & face each other

A

True

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14
Q

what are the genetic instructions for synthesis of proteins

A

genes

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15
Q

what is a segment of DNA that plays a role in the production of a specific protein

A

gene

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16
Q

all the genes of one person

A

genome

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17
Q

True/False: noncoding DNA plays a role in chromosome structure

A

true

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18
Q

G1 phase

A
  • Interval between cell birth from division and DNA replication
  • Carries out normal tasks & accumulates materials needed to replicate DNA
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19
Q

S phase

A

synthesis phase where DNA replication occurs.

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20
Q

G2 phase

A
  • Interval between DNA replication and cell division
  • Synthesizes enzymes that control cell division
  • Repairs DNA replication errors
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21
Q

G0 (zero) phase

A

cells that have left the cycle for a “rest” temporarily or permanently, such as muscle and nerve cells

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22
Q

4 phases of mitosis

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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23
Q

4 functions of mitosis

A
  • Development of the individual from one fertilized egg to ~50 trillion cells
  • Growth of all tissues and organs after birth
  • Replacement of cells that die
  • Repair of damaged tissues
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24
Q

prophase

A
  • Chromosomes shorten and thicken, coiling into compact rods (condense)
  • Two chromatids per chromosome
  • One molecule of DNA in each chromatid
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25
Q

metaphase

A

Chromosomes are aligned on cell equator

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26
Q

anaphase

A
  • Activation of an enzyme that cleaves two sister chromatids apart at centromere
  • Single-stranded daughter chromosomes migrate toward each pole of the cell with centromere leading the way
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27
Q

telophase

A

Chromatids cluster on each side of the cell

Chromatids begin to uncoil and form chromatin

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28
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of cytoplasm into two cells

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29
Q

name 3 times cells divide

A

• They have enough cytoplasm for two daughter cells
They have replicated their DNA
• They have adequate supply of nutrients

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30
Q

when do cells stop dividing

A

They undergo contact inhibition—the cessation of cell division in response to contact with other cells

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31
Q

heredity

A

transmission of genetic characteristics from parent to offspring

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32
Q

karyotype

A

chart of 46 chromosomes laid out in order by size and other physical features

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33
Q

autosomes

A

22 pairs; look alike and carry the same genes

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34
Q

diploid

A

any cell with 23 pairs of chromosomes (somatic cells)

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35
Q

haploid

A

contain half as many chromosomes as somatic cells: sperm and egg cells (germ cells) 23

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36
Q

locus

A

the location of a particular gene on a chromosome

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37
Q

alleles

A

different forms of a gene at same locus on two homologous chromosomes

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38
Q

genotype

A

the alleles that an individual possesses for a particular trait

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39
Q

phenotype

A

an observable trait

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40
Q

gene pool

A

collective genetic makeup of population as a whole

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41
Q

histones

A

disc-shaped cluster of eight proteins

DNA molecule winds around the cluster

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42
Q

core particle

A

histones with DNA around them

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43
Q

linker DNA

A

short segment of DNA connecting core particles

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44
Q

nucleosomes consist of:

A

linker DNA

core particle

45
Q

gene expression

A

genes get turned on and off

46
Q

sister chromatids

A

two parallel filaments of identical DNA

47
Q

kinetochore

A

protein plaques on either side of the centromere

48
Q

base triplet

A

a sequence of three DNA nucleotides that stands for one amino acid

49
Q

codon

A

the 3-base sequence in mRNA

50
Q

what are ribosomes made of

A

cytoplasmic granules composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and enzymes

51
Q

where does transcription occur

A

the nucleus

52
Q

where does translation occur

A

the cytoplasm

53
Q

exons

A

“sense” portions of the immature RNA

54
Q

introns

A

“nonsense” portions of the immature RNA

55
Q

alternative splicing

A

removing the introns by enzymes and splicing the exons together into a functional RNA molecule

56
Q

initiation

A

– Leader sequence in mRNA binds to small ribosomal subunit
– Initiator tRNA (bearing methionine) pairs with start codon
– Large ribosomal subunit joins the complex and the now fully formed ribosome begins reading bases

57
Q

elongation

A

– Next tRNA (with its amino acid) binds to ribosome while its anticodon pairs with next codon of mRNA
– Peptide bond forms between methionine and second amino acid
– Ribosome slides to read next codon and releases initiator tRNA (empty)
– Next tRNA with appropriate anticodon brings its amino acid to ribosome
– Another peptide bond forms (between 2nd and 3rd amino acids)
– Process continually repeats, extending peptide to a protein

58
Q

termination

A

– When ribosome reaches stop codon a release factor binds to it
– Finished protein breaks away from ribosome
– Ribosome dissociates into two subunits

59
Q

posttranslational modification

A

Removing some amino acid segments; folding the protein; stabilizing protein with disulfide bridges; adding carbohydrates

60
Q

helicase

A

DNA enzyme that opens one short segment of helix at a time exposing its nitrogenous bases

61
Q

replication fork

A

the point where the DNA is opened up (like two separated halves of a zipper)

62
Q

DNA polymerase

A

– Read the exposed bases
– Match complementary free nucleotides
– The two separated strands of DNA are copied by separate polymerase molecules proceeding in opposite directions

63
Q

mutations

A

changes in DNA structure due to replication errors or environmental factors (radiation, viruses, chemicals)

64
Q

coding polarity

A

5’ to 3’

65
Q

template polarity

A

3’ to 5’

66
Q

plasma membrane

A

lipid bilayer with embedded proteins that forms border of the cell
–Functions
•Defines cell boundaries
•Governs interactions with other cells
•Controls passage of materials in and out of cell

67
Q

cytoplasm

A

– Organelles
– Cytoskeleton
– Cytosol

68
Q

cytosol

A

ICF

69
Q

glycocalyx

A

—carbohydrate coating on the cell surface “sugar coating”
functions:
protection, immunity, cell adhesion, transplant compatibility, fertilization, embryonic development

70
Q

peripheral proteins

A

adhere to one face of the membrane, but do not penetrate it; usually tethered to the cytoskeleton

71
Q

integral proteins

A

penetrate into the phospholipid bilayer or pass all the way through it (transmembrane proteins)

72
Q

functions of membrane proteins

A

Receptors, second-messenger systems, enzymes, channels, carriers, cell-identity markers, cell-adhesion molecules

73
Q

pseudopods

A

continually changing extensions of the cell that vary in shape and size

74
Q

types of passive transport

A

Filtration, diffusion, osmosis

75
Q

types of active transport

A

Active transport and vesicular transport

76
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

force exerted on a membrane by water

77
Q

filtration

A

process in which particles are driven through a selectively permeable membrane

78
Q

simple diffusion

A

net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

79
Q

osmosis

A

—flow of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane to the other – From side with higher water concentration to side with lower water concentration

80
Q

osmotic pressure

A

amount of hydrostatic pressure required to stop osmosis

81
Q

osmolarity of blood plasma

A

300 mOsm/L

82
Q

osmolarity

A

—number of osmoles of solute per liter of solution —depending on nonpermeating and permeating (total concentration of all solutes)

83
Q

tonicity

A

ability of a solution to affect fluid volume and pressure in a cell – Depends on concentration of nonpermeating solutes in the solution versus the cell

84
Q

saturation

A

As the solute concentration rises, the rate of transport rises, but only to a point

85
Q

3 types of carrier mediated transport

A

Facilitated diffusion, primary active transport and secondary active transport

86
Q

uniport

A

Carries only one solute at a time

87
Q

symport

A

Carries two or more solutes simultaneously in same direction (cotransport)

88
Q

antiport

A

Carries two or more solutes in opposite directions (countertransport)
Sodium-potassium pump brings in K+ and removes Na+ from cell

89
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

—carrier-mediated transport of solute through a membrane down its concentration gradient

90
Q

primary active transport

A

carrier moves solute through a membrane up its concentration gradient

91
Q

secondary active transport

A

Carrier moves solute through membrane but only uses ATP indirectly
ex: sodium-glucose transporter (SGLT) (symport)

92
Q

vesicular transport

A

processes that move large particles, fluid droplets, or numerous molecules at once through the membrane in vesicles—bubble-like enclosures of membrane

93
Q

endocytosis

A

vesicular processes that bring material into the cell

94
Q

phagocytosis

A

“cell eating,” engulfing large particles

• Macrophages, etc.

95
Q

transcytosis

A

Transport of material across the cell by capturing it on one side and releasing it on the other

96
Q

pinocytosis

A

“cell drinking”

97
Q

functions of the cytoskeleton

A

Determines cell shape, supports structure, organizes cell contents, directs movement of materials within cell, contributes to movements of the cell as a whole

98
Q

nucleoli

A

one or more dark masses where ribosomes are produced

99
Q

nucleoplasm

A

material in nucleus

  • chromatin
  • nucleoli
100
Q

rough ER

A

—composed of parallel, flattened sacs covered with ribosomes; is continuous with outer membrane of the nuclear envelope
– Synthesizes proteins that are packaged in other organelles or secreted from cell

101
Q

smooth ER

A

– Lack ribosomes
– Synthesizes steroids and other lipids
– Detoxifies alcohol and other drugs
– Manufactures all membranes of the cell

102
Q

Golgi complex

A

a small system of cisternae that synthesize carbohydrates and put the finishing touches on protein and glycoprotein synthesis
– Receives newly synthesized proteins from rough ER – Sorts them, cuts and splices some of them, adds carbohydrate moieties to some, and packages the protein into membrane-bound Golgi vesicles

103
Q

lysosomes

A

package of enzymes bound by a single unit membrane – Intracellular hydrolytic digestion of proteins, nucleic acids, complex carbohydrates, phospholipids, and other substances

104
Q

autophagy

A

digest and dispose of worn out mitochondria and other organelles

105
Q

peroxisomes

A

resemble lysosomes but contain different enzymes and are produced by the ER (not the Golgi complex).. General function is to use molecular oxygen to oxidize organic molecules

106
Q

proteasomes

A

hollow, cylindrical organelle that disposes of surplus proteins
– Contain enzymes that unfold and break down tagged, targeted proteins into short peptides and amino acids

107
Q

mitochondria

A

organelles specialized for synthesizing ATP

108
Q

centriole

A

—a short cylindrical assembly of microtubules arranged in nine groups of three microtubules each
-Form the basal bodies of cilia and flagella

109
Q

2 types of inclusion

A

Stored cellular products
Foreign bodies
*never enclosed in a unit membrane

Anatomy (4 decks)

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