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ANP MIDTERM 1 > Muscle System > Flashcards

Muscle System Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle Fibers are not present in cardiac tissue. Why is this?

A

Cardiac muscle has specialized cells that are self-regulated.

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2
Q

What are the stripes on skeletal muscle called? What type of muscle does not have these?

A

Striation

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3
Q

Which muscle types are voluntary?

A

Trick question! Only the skeletal muscle is voluntary.

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4
Q

Where is smooth muscle located?

A

It is located in the walls of visceral organs. It is also located in valves.

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5
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of muscle tissue?

A

Excitability, Contractility, Extensibility, Elasticity

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6
Q

What are 4 muscle functions?

A

Produce Movement, Maintain posture, stabilize joints, generate heat

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7
Q

What is the difference between skeletal muscle and the other types of muscle in terms of blood supply and nerves? Why?

A

Each skeletal muscle contains one blood vessel and one or more veins due to the high oxygen and nutrient demand of movement. Skeletal muscle also has one nerve per muscle as skeletal muscle requires nervous stimulation to fire.

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8
Q

List the 3 muscle sheaths in order of magnitude. (Outside to inside)

A

Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium.

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9
Q

What does the epimysium envelop?

A

The muscle.

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10
Q

What does the perimysium envelop?

A

A fascicle.

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11
Q

What does the endomysium envelop?

A

A muscle cell/fibre.

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12
Q

What connects the epimysium to the bone?

A

A tendon.

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13
Q

Define a fascicle.

A

A bundle of muscle cells that is separated from another by the perimysium.

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14
Q

What is the subdivision of a muscle cell?

A

A myofibril.

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15
Q

What are myofibrils composed of?

A

Sarcomeres

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16
Q

Fill in the blank: Each sarcomere includes a thick and thin _____________.

A

Myofilament

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17
Q

The thin filament is comprised of:

A

Actin, tropomyosin, and troponin

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18
Q

The thick filament is comprised of

A

bundled myosin molecules

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19
Q

Elastic filaments attach what to what? What is another name for them?

A

Titin filaments attach the thick filament to the Z disc

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20
Q

What is the difference between direct and indirect attachments?

A

In a direct attachment, the epimysium is fused directly to the bone or cartilage. In indirect attachments, the wrappings extend past the muscle as tendon (rope) or aponeurosis (sheet). This anchors the muscle to the skeleton or another muscle.

21
Q

What is the advantage to an indirect attachment?

A

It takes up less space and is more durable.

22
Q

What is the average diameter of a muscle fiber? How long can they get?

A

Muscle fibers are generally 10-100 micrometers in diameter, and can reach up to 30 cm in length.

23
Q

What determines the length of an A band?

A

The length of the thick filament.

24
Q

What filament is not present in an I band?

A

Thick filament

25
Q

What structure perpendicular to the filaments does the H zone include? What structure does it exclude?

A

The H zone includes the M line and excludes the thin filament.

26
Q

Where is sarcoplasm found?

A

Inside muscle cells.

27
Q

What are the stored glycogen granules in sarcoplasm called? Why are they so concentrated in the sarcoplasm?

A

They are called glycosomes. They carry the glycogen required for the high ATP production in muscles during activity.

28
Q

What does myoglobin store?

A

Oxygen

29
Q

What is the smallest contractual unit of a muscle?

A

A sarcomere.

30
Q

What is the Z disc made of?

A

A sheet of proteins.

31
Q

How many polypeptide chains make up each myosin molecult?

A
  1. There are 4 light chains, and 2 heavy chains.
32
Q

What covers the myosin binding sites on actin in the thin myofilament?

A

tropomyosin

33
Q

What protein sits on the tropomyosin and moves it off the actin binding site so the filaments can cross bridge?

A

troponin

34
Q

How many strands of actin make up a thin filament?

A

2

35
Q

What are the three polypeptide subunits of troponin?

A

TnT, TnC, TnL

36
Q

What subunit of troponin binds to calcium?

A

TnC

37
Q

Which subunit of troponin binds to the tropomyosin and helps position it?

A

TnT

38
Q

What subunit of troponin binds to the actin?

A

TnL

39
Q

What does dystrophin do? What is the lack of it attributed to?

A

It links the sarcolemma and thin filaments. Muscular Dystrophy is linked with the lack of dystrophyn.

40
Q

What are nebulin, myomesin, and C proteins?

A

Proteins that hold the structure of the sarcomere.

41
Q

What element does the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum store and regulate?

A

Calcium

42
Q

What orientation are terminal cisterns in relation to the sarcomeres? What do they release into the sarcomeres?

A

Terminal cisterns are perpendicular to the sarcomeres and release calcium into the sarcomeres.

43
Q

What is the name of the invagination of the sarcolemma into the SR? What is the purpose of this?

A

The T-Tubules of the Sarcoplasmic reticulum allow for the action potentials in the sarcolemma to penetrate deeper into the muscle fibers.

44
Q

What bands shorten during contraction?

A

I bands

45
Q

What zone disappears during contraction?

A

The H zone

46
Q

When the calcium bonds to the troponin, what position is the myosin head in? What is bonded to the head?

A

The myosin head is cocked and bonded to ADP.

47
Q

After the power stroke, what allows the myosin to detach from the actin?

A

ATP binds to the head.

48
Q

What process allows the myosin head to re-cock?

A

ATP hydrolyses into ADP and Phosphorus

49
Q

What process does the SR do to relaxe the muscles?

A

The SR reclaims the calcium from the sarcomere, which causes the tropomyosin the cover the myosin binding sites on the actin again.

ANP MIDTERM 1 (7 decks)

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