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Muscular System > Muscle Properties > Flashcards

Muscle Properties Flashcards

1
Q

5 Functions of muscles

A
  1. Movement - muscular contraction
  2. Posture
  3. Heat production - aka thermogenesis maintains normal body temps
  4. Storage of substances - glycogen & oxygen
  5. Movement of substances
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2
Q

4 muscle properties

A
  1. Contractility
  2. Excitability - can conduct an electrical impulse/current
  3. Extensibility - stretch without damage
  4. Elasticity - return to original length
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3
Q

What is a striated muscle

A

Muscles that contain cell fibres that are aligned in parallel bundles which helps to control movement eg skeletal & cardiac muscles

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4
Q

What is a non-striated muscle

A

Contain cells that are randomly arranged eg smooth muscle

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5
Q

What is fascia

A

A dense sheet of connective tissue that organises muscle, secures it to skin and provides stability

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6
Q

What are myofibrils

A

Cylindrical structures formed of bundles of protein filaments within muscle fibre

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7
Q

What are the two types of myofilaments

A
  1. Actin - thin filament

2. Myosin - thick filament

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8
Q

What is a sarcomere

A

The basic unit of striated muscle where myofilaments overlap

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9
Q

What is endomysium

A

A thin sheath that surrounds Individual muscle fibres

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10
Q

What is perimysium

A

Bundles of 10-100 muscle fibres that surround fascicles

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11
Q

What is epiysium

A

Attaches the entire muscle to fascia and tendons

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12
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction

A

The meeting point (synapse) where motor neurons meet a muscle fibre

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13
Q

What is acetylcholine (ACH)

A

The neurotransmitting chemical at a junction

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14
Q

Describe the process of muscle contraction

A

Acetylcholine diffuses across the synapse & send nerve impulse across the sarcolemma & transverse tubules of a muscle fibre.
This releases calcium & ATP which cause the actin and myosin filaments to bind and slide over eachother

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15
Q

Describe the process of muscle relaxtion

A

Nerve impulses stop and use magnesium & ATP to break the actin & myosin bond which slide back into their original position

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16
Q

What role does magnesium play in muscle fibres

A

Makes them less excitable & prevents myosin binding with actin

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17
Q

What nutrients are essential for effective muscle activity & athletic performance

A 
Calcium,
magnesium,
sodium, 
potassium
iron
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18
Q

What hormones promote muscle hypertrophy

A

Growth hormone
Testosterone
Thyroid hormones

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19
Q

What are the two pathways for ATP synthesis

A
  1. Aerobic respiration

2. Anaerobic respiration

20
Q

What are the 3 essential nutrients for ATP production

A

Glucose
Fatty acids
Amino acids

21
Q

Where does aerobic respiration occur

A

Within mitochondria (often located next to myoglobin)

22
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration occur

A

Takes place in the cytoplasm & occurs via glycolysis (breakdown of glucose)

23
Q

What is creatine phosphate

A

A protein unique to muscles & a storage form of energy

24
Q

Properties of slow oxidative muscles

A

Dark red - lots of myoglobin & mitochondria
In turn means aerobic respiring muscles
Good for endurance eg postural

25
Q

Properties of fast oxidative glycolytic muscles

A

White-pink - less myoglobin&mitochondria
Aerobically and anaerobically respires
Also more resistant to fatigue
Good for walking & sprinting

26
Q

Properties of fast glycolytic muscles

A

White - due to lack of myoblobin & mitochondria
Anaerobically respires
Fatigues quickly
Good for weights eg arms/shoulders

27
Q

What attaches the skeletal muscles to the periosteum of bone

A

Tendons at muscle attachment points

28
Q

What is a prime mover muscle

A

The main muscle contracting in a movement

29
Q

What is an antagonist muscle

A

The muscle acting in opposition to the prime mover

30
Q

What is a synergist muscle

A

A muscle that assists the prime mover muscle in its action

31
Q

What is a fixator muscle

A

A muscle that stabilises the origin bone while a prime mover contracts

32
Q

How do intercalated discs assist the myocardium

A

branching cells joined to end-to-end structures that allow contraction to spread from cells like a wave

33
Q

Does the myocardium rely on aerobic or anaerobic respiration

A

Aerobic Highly! Lots of mitochondria as requires constant blood supply & deivery of oxygen & nutrients

34
Q

Process of smooth muscle contraction

A

Similar structure to z disc in sarcomeres, arranged at 90 degree angle

Filaments attached to dense bodies are pulled together causing the muscle to shorten & twist like a crokscrew
Is slower & longer with clacium movement compared to the other muscles
Smooth muscle maintains partial contraction ie important for blood pressure

35
Q

What is a smooth muscle stress-relaxation response

A

Where organs such as stomach & bladder to expand when filled & a contraction to carry contents

36
Q

What do satellite cells help

A

They have a limited regeneration process that works to help skeletal muscles regenerate

37
Q

What is the muscle cell membrane called

A

Sarcollema

38
Q

What is the muscle cell cytoplasm called

A

Sarcoplasm

39
Q

What does the muscle cells sarcoplasmic reticulum store

A

Stores calcium which is needed in assisting muscle contraction

40
Q

What is the motor end plate

A

The location where motor neurons terminate in tiny pads on the muscle fibre

41
Q

What is single unit smooth muscle

A

Fibres are connected by gap junctions and the cells relax and contract in a single unit
Eg walls of vessels

42
Q

What is multi unit smooth muscle

A

Fibres are stimulated individually & operate independently of one another, contain no gap junctions
Eg found in walls of larger arteries & airways, iris & arrector pilli

43
Q

How do muscles contribute to skin homeostasis

A

Facial expressions

Muscle action increases blood flow to skin

44
Q

How do muscles contribute to nervous system homeostasis

A

Shivering - generates heat & raises body temperature

45
Q

How do muscles contribute to endocrine gland homeostasis

A

Exercise can improve action of some hormones eg insulin

Muscle protects some glands

46
Q

How do muscles conrtibute to cardiovascular homeostasis

A

Cardiac muscle Pumps blood
Smooth muscle in blood vessel walls controls blood flow
Muscle contraction in legs helps return blood to heart
Exercise leads to hypertrophy of cardiac muscle
Lactic acid produced in skeletal muscle can be used to make ATP in heart

47
Q

How do muscles contribute to reproductive homeostasis

A

Skeletal and smooth muscle comtractions eject semen

Contractions propel egg along uterine tubes, control menstrual flow & expel baby from uterus in birth

Muscular System (4 decks)

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