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Human Anatomy and Physiology > Muscle Physiology Practice Exam > Flashcards

Muscle Physiology Practice Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What chemical builds up in the muscles during anaerobic muscle movement?

A

lactic acid

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2
Q

The neuromuscular junction is…

A

an interface (cleft) between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle

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3
Q

Muscle Terminology Matching: Synergists

A

smaller “stability” muscles that assist the prime mover to complete a contraction.

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4
Q

Muscle Terminology Matching: Antagonists

A

muscle that oppose the movement of a agonist. Triceps:Biceps

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5
Q

Muscle Terminology Matching: Prime Movers

A

Muscle that does the majority of the work during contraction

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6
Q

Muscle Terminology Matching: Recruitment

A

Activation of additional motor units to increase contractile strength.

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7
Q

Muscle Terminology Matching: Fixator

A

muscle that anchors a bone to keep it stable

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8
Q

True or False: An isotonic exercise is one where tension is continually applied to a muscle but the insertion point does not move.

A

False

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9
Q

Match the following components of the sarcomere with their coinciding descriptions: I-Band

A

only actin (thin filaments)

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10
Q

Match the following components of the sarcomere with their coinciding descriptions: A band

A

both actin and myosin filaments overlap here.

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11
Q

Match the following components of the sarcomere with their coinciding descriptions: H Zone

A

only myosin

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12
Q

Match the following components of the sarcomere with their coinciding descriptions: M-Band (M-Line)

A

the midpoint of a sarcomere

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13
Q

Match the following components of the sarcomere with their coinciding descriptions: Sarcomere boundary

A

Z-line to Z-Line (Z-Disc)

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14
Q

In a muscle cell, the sarcolemma is equivalent to a [ ______ ] , but the [ _______ ] is equivalent to the muscle cell cytoplasm.

A

muscle membrane; sarcoplasm

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15
Q

Tendons are important structures that link the muscular system with the skeletal system. They help to provide stability in your joints and have stretch receptors that let you know when you’ve met your maximum flexibility, so they do not rupture. They must be warmed up prior to rigorous exercise because they do not have a good blood supply. Therefore, tendons are constructed from ____________________________________________ tissue.

A

dense connective tissue

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16
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic of skeletal muscle?
contractility
excitability
reversibility
elasticity
extensibility

A

reversibility

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17
Q

Which general characteristic of muscles is NOT true?
-there are 3 main muscle types that make up the human body
-muscles make up 65% of your body weight
-there are 600 muscles in the human body
-muscles are viewed as “the machines” of the body

A

muscles make up 65% of your body weight

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18
Q

True or False: The prime mover causes the main muscle movement in an action while the antagonist opposes it.

A

true

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19
Q

Which attachment point of the muscle is the part that moves the most?

A

insertion

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20
Q

Which type of muscle increases the angle between parts?

A

extensor

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21
Q

What does cardiac muscle look like?

A
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22
Q

What does skeletal muscle look like?

A
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23
Q

What does smooth muscle look like?

A
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24
Q

Match the properties of skeletal muscles with the appropriate description: contractility

A

shortens with force

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25
Q

Match the properties of skeletal muscles with the appropriate description: elasticity

A

will return to its original form

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26
Q

Match the properties of skeletal muscles with the appropriate description: excitability

A

responds to a stimulus

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27
Q

Match the properties of skeletal muscles with the appropriate description: extensibility

A

can be stretched

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28
Q

What muscle type attaches to bones?

A

skeletal muscle

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29
Q

What muscle type Controls the movement of food through the digestive tract?

A

smooth

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30
Q

What muscle Contains tendons on either end?

A

skeletal muscle

31
Q

What muscle Has the most endurance out of any muscle.

A

cardiac muscle

32
Q

what muscle is Spindle-shaped and uninucleate?

A

smooth

33
Q

What muscle types Undergoes peristalsis?

A

smooth

34
Q

what muscle type Contains intercalated discs?

A

cardiac

35
Q

Match the following action with the correct muscle description: depressor

A

moves body parts downwards

36
Q

Match the following action with the correct muscle description: extensor

A

straightens body parts

37
Q

Match the following action with the correct muscle description: levator

A

moves body parts upwards

38
Q

Match the following action with the correct muscle description: abductor

A

moves body parts away from the midline

39
Q

Match the following action with the correct muscle description: adductor

A

moves body parts towards the midline

40
Q

The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores __________
when a muscle is relaxed and releases it for binding to ___________ during contraction.

A

calcium; troponin

41
Q

The energy for cross bridge cycling during muscle contraction is provided by

A

ATP

42
Q

Step 1 of sliding filament model

A

Myosin binds to crossbridge of actin (ADP + P form)

43
Q

Step 2 of sliding filament model

A

Myosin head initiates a “power stroke”. (ATP used)

44
Q

Step 3 of sliding filament model

A

myosin detachment and “reset” (ATP Used)

45
Q

step 4 of sliding filament model

A

Myosin head initiates “recovery stroke” preparing to bind again.

46
Q

What does Troponin do

A

binds with calcium to allow sarcomere shortening.

47
Q

A motor unit refers to:

A

a single motor neuron plus all of the muscle fibers it activates.

48
Q

The transverse tubules (T-Tubules) in a muscle fiber…

A

provide a means of rapidly transmitting the action potential from the surface into the central portions of the muscle fiber.

49
Q

How many ATP are required to initiate a complete movement of the myosin head (power stroke - disengage – recovery stroke)?

A

two

50
Q

True or False: The term “Action Potential” is the correct name that refers to the wave-like energy that passes from the NMJ through the T-Tubules from the muscle to cause changes in the muscle initiating depolarization and the contraction process?

A

true

51
Q

The [ ______] mineral needs to be secreted from the [ _______ ] organelle in the muscle and bind to the [ _______ ] complex on the actin protein in order to expose the binding sites on the thin filament, so myosin can bind and from the cross-bridge.

A

calcium; sarcoplasmic reticulum; troponin

52
Q

SpongeBob’s skeletal muscle manager was running around frantically because myosin heads couldn’t bind to their actin crossbridges, so SpongeBob dropped his trusty spatula and collapsed to the Krusty Krab kitchen floor! There was a major ATP shortage. Which organelle was sleeping on the job?

A

mitochondria

53
Q

The molecule creatine phosphate is found only in muscle fibers. It has the unique function of transferring high-energy ___________ molecules to ADP therefore creating more ATP in a fraction of a second.

A

phosphate

54
Q

________-twitch muscular responses usually result in quick bursts of energy and involve easily fatigable muscles often during anaerobic activity.

A

fast

55
Q

Match the following components of the sarcomere with their coinciding descriptions: I-Band

A

only actin

56
Q

Match the following components of the sarcomere with their coinciding descriptions: A-Band

A

both actin and myosin filaments

57
Q

Match the following components of the sarcomere with their coinciding descriptions: H-Zone

A

only myosin

58
Q

Match the following components of the sarcomere with their coinciding descriptions: M-Line

A

the midpoint of a sarcomere

59
Q

Match the following components of the sarcomere with their coinciding descriptions: Sarcomere boundary

A

Z-line to Z-Line

60
Q

Step 1 of the NMJ process

A

Action potential travels the length of an axon of a motor neuron to the axon terminal

61
Q

Step 2 of the NMJ process

A

Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open and Ca2+ ions diffuse into the terminal

62
Q

Step 3 of the NMJ process

A

Ca2+ entry causes the synaptic vesicle to release ACh via exocytosis

63
Q

Step 4 of the NMJ process

A

ACh diffuses across a synaptic cleft and binds to ACh receptors which contain ligand-gated cation channels

64
Q

Step 5 of the NMJ process

A

Ligand-gated channels open

65
Q

Step 6 of the NMJ process

A

Na+ ions enter the muscle fiber and K+ exit the muscle fiber; the greater inward flux of Na+ relative to the outward flux of K+ causes the membrane potential of the muscle to become less negative

66
Q

Step 7 of the NMJ process

A

Once the membrane potential reaches the threshold value the potential propagates along the sarcolemma

67
Q

What happens after the action potential (impulses) reaches the sarcolemma of the muscle cell?
-step 1 of the sliding filament mechanism

A

“T” tubules carry impulses into the sarcoplasmic reticulum and releases Ca2+ ions

68
Q

What happens after the action potential (impulses) reaches the sarcolemma of the muscle cell?
-step 2 of the sliding filament mechanism

A

Ca2+ ions enter the sarcomeres and binds to troponin on tropomyosin strands moving the strand and exposing myosin binding sites

69
Q

What happens after the action potential (impulses) reaches the sarcolemma of the muscle cell?
-step 3 of the sliding filament mechanism

A

Myosin binds to actin forming crossbridges that ATP can bind to

70
Q

What happens after the action potential (impulses) reaches the sarcolemma of the muscle cell?
-step 4 of the sliding filament mechanism

A

ATP breaks down, releasing energy, causing cross bridges to pull actin strand

71
Q

What happens after the action potential (impulses) reaches the sarcolemma of the muscle cell?
-step 5 of the sliding filament mechanism

A

Another ATP binds to myosin cross bridge and causes myosin to bend, attach, and pull on the next actin strand

72
Q

What happens after the action potential (impulses) reaches the sarcolemma of the muscle cell?
-step 6 of the sliding filament mechanism

A

When the action potential ends, Ca2+ ions are pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum; tropomyosin returns to the original position covering the binding sites; muscle is at rest

73
Q

True or False: When there is no oxygen in the muscle cell due to strenuous activity, anaerobic respiration allows glycolysis to continue making ATP for energy use. In animal cells, this is called lactic acid fermentation.

A

True

Human Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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