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Principles of Animal Physiology > Muscle Physiology > Flashcards

Muscle Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major classes of muscle?

A

Striated and smooth.

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2
Q

What are the three major types of muscle?

A

Skeletal, cardiac and smooth.

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3
Q

What muscle types are voluntary?

A

Skeletal.

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4
Q

What muscle types are involuntary?

A

Cardiac & smooth.

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5
Q

What muscle types are straited?

A

Skeletal and cardiac.

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6
Q

What muscle typed are unstraited?

A

Smooth.

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7
Q

What is the role of skeletal muscle?

A
  • Locomotion
  • Heat production
  • Energy store/management
  • Sound production
  • Electricity production
  • Primary food for predators.
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8
Q

What is the role of cardiac muscle?

A

Regulates blood circulation.

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9
Q

What is the role of smooth muscle?

A

Movement of fluids, gases and solids through internal organs e.g. digestion.

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10
Q

Define myomere.

A

Separated sheets of connective tissue called myosepta.

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11
Q

What is the approximate diameter of a skeletal muscle fibre/ muscle cell?

A

5um - 10um.

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12
Q

Define sarcolemma.

A

Striated muscle cell membrane.

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13
Q

Define myofibrilis.

A

Main contracting unit of skeletal muscle fibre.

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14
Q

Define T tubule.

A

An infolding of the sarcolemma.

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15
Q

Define terminal cisternae.

A

Enlarged part of sarcoplasmic reticulum that sits either side of T tubule.

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16
Q

Apart from muscle cells, what other cells do you get in muscles?

A
  • Endothelial cells
  • Immune cells
  • Fibroblasts
  • Stem/progenitor cells.
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17
Q

What three stages does skeletal muscle contraction depend on?

A
  • Events at the neuromuscular junction
  • Excitation contraction (EC) - coupling
  • The cross-bridge cycle.
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18
Q

Define triad.

A

One portion of a T tubule plus the two adjacent terminal cisternae.

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19
Q

Define tetanus contraction.

A

The maximal contraction a muscle fibre can achieve i.e. maximal number of actin binding sites available for myosin heads.

20
Q

Define motor units.

A

A group of muscle fibres that all get their signals from the same, single motor neuron.

21
Q

Define fatigue.

A

Inability to maintain muscle contraction at a given level of exertion.

22
Q

Define asynchronous recruitment.

A

During sustained sub-maximal contraction - motor units take turns to be recruited. This optimises the overall time that an activity can occur.

23
Q

What factors influence the level of muscle contraction?

A
  • Size of muscle group
  • Starting muscle length sets maximum tension possible
  • Specialisation of muscle fibre characteristics.
24
Q

What level of activity can type 1/slow oxidative fibres produce?

A

Endurance low-power activity.

25
Q

What level of activity can type 2a/fast oxidative fibres produce?

A

Sustained power activity (sub-maximal).

26
Q

What level of activity can type 2b/fast glycolytic fibres produce?

A

Short bursts of maximal or near maximal activity.

27
Q

What do muscles use energy for?

A

ATP used in cross bridge cycle, to re-establish ion gradients across muscle membrane and transport Ca2+ back to sarcoplasmic reticulum.

28
Q

How can ATP be generated for muscle contraction?

A
  • Oxidative phosphorylation
  • Glycolysis in muscle
  • Glycogenolysis in muscle and liver.
29
Q

What method of ATP generation do muscles use when resting or recovering?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation.

30
Q

What method of ATP generation do muscles use when undergoing intense exercise?

A

Glycolysis.

31
Q

Why is muscle recovery crucial?

A
  • Replenish glycogen, ATP and creatine phosphate
  • Re-establish normal ion gradients, Ca2+ stores and pH
  • Deal with lactate accumulation
  • Repair damaged muscle fibres and stimulate growth.
32
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

Haemoglobin’s oxygen binding affinity inversely related both to acidity and to the concentration of carbon dioxide.

33
Q

What structural and biochemical features of skeletal muscle make it efficient at oxygen delivery?

A
  • Muscle capillaries are organised in a weaving pattern optimising transit time for blood
  • Activity induces muscle blood vessel vasodilation increasing blood flow during exercise
  • Muscle activity increases oxygen release by haemoglobin, mainly by reducing the partial pressure of oxygen and reducing pH (Bohr effect).
34
Q

What is myoglobin?

A
  • Its what makes muscles red
  • found in striated muscle
  • aids delivery and storage of oxygen.
35
Q

What are thin filaments made of?

A

Actin.

36
Q

What are thick filaments made of?

A

Myosin.

37
Q

What do troponin and tropomyosin do?

A

Prevent myosin from binding to actin. When Ca2+ binds to troponin it stops tropomyosin from preventing myosin binding to actin.

38
Q

What do skeletal and cardiac muscles have in common?

A
  • Have same sarcomere organisation (overlapping thin/thick filaments)
  • Have extensive SR & T tubules
  • Identical contraction mechanism.
39
Q

How do skeletal and cardiac muscles differ?

A
  • Cardiac muscles contract regularly, slowly and involuntary
  • Possess pacemaker cells
  • Possess gap junctions
  • Possess desmosomes.
40
Q

What are the similarities between skeletal and smooth muscle?

A

Have thick and thin actin and mysoin filaments.

41
Q

What are the similarities between smooth and cardiac muscles?

A
  • Smooth and mononucleated

- May have gap junctions and desmosomes.

42
Q

What are the differences between striated and smooth muscle?

A
  • Spindle shaped cells in sheets
  • Lack T tubules and SR
  • Lack troponin.
43
Q

Define neurogenic and myogenic.

A

Neurogenic - contraction originates from external innervation
Myogenic - Contraction originates from within muscle.

44
Q

Define tonic and phasic.

A

Tonic - continuous state of partial contraction

Phasic - Pronounced rhythmic increase in contraction.

45
Q

Define excitation contraction coupling.

A

The process linking an action potential to muscle contraction.

Principles of Animal Physiology (11 decks)

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