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Kinesiology > Muscle Physiology > Flashcards

Muscle Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are smooth muscles?

A

Found in most organs
Involuntary contractions

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2
Q

What are cardiac muscles?

A

Found in the heart
Involuntary contractions

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3
Q

What are skeletal muscles

A

Muscle that is attached to bone

Comprise 30-40% of human weight

Voluntary contractions

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4
Q

Muscle

A

Largest bundle

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5
Q

Radicle

A

Bundles of muscle fibers

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6
Q

Muscle fiber

A

One skeletal muscle cell

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7
Q

Myofibriles

A

A bundle of myofilament forming

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8
Q

Myofilaments

A

A protein microfilament responsible for the contraction of a muscle

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9
Q

Tendon

A

The end of the muscle that attaches to the bone

It is composed of large white fibrous protein called collagen

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10
Q

Fascia

A

A layer of connective tissue b/w the muscles or separating the muscle from the skin

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11
Q

Epimysium

A

Surrounds the muscle

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12
Q

Perimesium

A

Binds muscle fiber bundles

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13
Q

Endometrium

A

Surrounds each muscle fiber

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14
Q

Myosin

A

Thick filament that forms the basis for muscular contraction

Myosin resembles a golf club. The tails are found in the center while the heads (cross bridges) are found at the perimeter

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15
Q

Actin

A

Thin filament

One actin thin filament spans 2 sacromere

Interacts with the myosin cross bridges

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16
Q

Troponin & troposmyosin

A

Smaller filaments found in the actin

Small proteins that are important in controlling the interactions b/w actin & sufficient calcium is not present

If sites found on the actin, this inhibits contractions

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17
Q

Sacromere

A

One contractile unit within a muscle

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18
Q

Z line

A

Represents the boundaries of the sacromere, they run perpendicular to the fibers of the sacromere

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19
Q

I band

A

Area of actin at the end of a sacromere

This band spans 2 sacromere

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20
Q

A band

A

Defined by the length of the myosin filament

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21
Q

H zone

A

Small area in the a band where the actin does not extend

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22
Q

M line

A

Center of the thick myosin filament

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23
Q

Cell body

A

The gray matter of the nerve cell bodies which are found in the spinal column or outlying ganglia

The necessary materials which allow for the growth of the neuron are found here

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24
Q

Axon

A

Fibres that conduct the impulse from the cell body to the fibres of the muscle

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25
Q

Dendrite

A

Extensions from the cell body that receive info for the neuron

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26
Q

Myelin

A

A fatty sheath around the axon

This sheath allows for the nerve impulse to travel very fast down an axon

It allows the impulse to leap along the axon in the periodic gaps (nodes) b/w the myelin

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27
Q

Node of ranvier

A

The periodic gaps that appear in the myelinated nerves

Rather than passing through each section of the nerve, an impulse will leap from node to node.

This is known as saltatory conduction and allows for conduction speed in excess of 100m/s

28
Q

Synapse

A

A junction at the end of an axon through which the neuron can stimulate another cell

29
Q

Axon terminal

A

End of the motor neuron

30
Q

ACh

A

A neurotransmitter released by neurons

31
Q

Motor unit

A

Made up of a motor neuron and the muscle fibers

It is the path that sends to the message from the CNS to the muscles

32
Q

ACh receptors

A

Receptors found at the neuromuscular junction

They bind with ACh causing gated ion channels to open

33
Q

Gated ion channels or voltage gated ion channels

A

These channels are responsible for creating action potential within a muscle cell.

When opened (Na+) flows into the cell & K+ flows out.

Since more Na+ flows in then K+ flows out.

The cell becomes polarized (excited) which creates action potential to travel across the cell

34
Q

T tubules

A

Found in the z line.

Provide pathway for electrochemical activity deep in the muscle

35
Q

Sacroplasmic reticulum (SR)

A

A smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell that serves as a calcium reserve

36
Q

Sliding filament theory

A

SLIDING THEORY:
Ca is released to remove troponin & tropomyosin from the binding sites on the actin

Actin binds to myosin head

Head releases actin

High energy phosphate “energizes” myosin

Crossbridge (head) attaches to actin

Tilt

Moves actin along myosin (causing shortening/contracting of the muscle power stroke)

37
Q

excitation-contraction cycle

A
  1. Action potential travels down the axon until it reaches the neuromuscular joint
  2. ACh is released from the axon & binds to the receptors that are found on the muscle cell
  3. ACh opens the voltage gated Na+ channels
  4. When channels are open Na+ flows into the muscle cell and K+ flows out
  5. This flows of Na+ in & K+ out of the cell causes for the cell to become depolarized (excited)
  6. This depolarization flows down the t-tubule which is connected to the sacroplasmic reticulum
  7. When excited the sacroplasmic reticulum releases calcium
38
Q

CNS

A

Composed of the brain & spinal cord

39
Q

PNS

A

Parts of nervous system that lie outside the CNS

Consists of 12 cranial nerves, 31 spinal nerves

The PNS contains motor neurons, interneurons & sensory neurons

40
Q

Motor neurons (efferent)

A

Carry info from the CNS to the body

41
Q

Interneurons

A

Located within the CNS

Directs incoming & outgoing impulses to the proper area for processing/reaction

42
Q

Sensory neurons (afferent)

A

Carry info from sensory receptors to CNS

43
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Under unvoluntary control

44
Q

Sympathetic (ANS)

A

Causes body adjustments & prepares body for emergencies.

Releases adrenaline, increases heart rate, used during fight or flight

45
Q

Parasympathetic (ANS)

A

Helps body to return to its normal state after altered by the sympathetic system.

Decreases heart rate, used during rest or digest

46
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Under voluntary contraction

Contains afferent & efferent nerves

Gives us sensations of pain, heat, balance, muscle action

PNS recieves info from receptors

47
Q

Autonomic

A

Usually involve the activation of smooth muscle or cardiac muscles & glands

Regulated BP, digestion, salvation, sweating

48
Q

Somatic

A

Involve the stimulation of skeletal muscle

Reflexes of skeletal muscle is not done consciously

49
Q

Reflex arc

A

The pathway that the initial stimulus & corresponding response message travel

50
Q

Receptor

A

Receives stimulus

51
Q

Sensory nerves

A

Carries impulse to spinal cord or brain

52
Q

Motor nerve

A

Carries response message from spinal cord/brain to muscle/organ

53
Q

Effector organ

A

Carries out the response

54
Q

Reaction

A

Brain CNS is involved in

55
Q

Reflex

A

Brain CNS is not involved (sensory neuron connects directly to motor neuron)

56
Q

Knee Jerk reflex (ex)

A
  1. Strike patellar ligament ~ stimulates stretch receptors
  2. Triggers impulse along sensory neuron to spinal cord
  3. Forms synapse with motor neuron ~ impulse travels along motor neuron to muscle (quad) ~ muscle contracts
57
Q

Agonist

A

Prime mover

Primary muscle causes joint to move

58
Q

Antagonist

A

Muscle on opposite side of joint of the agonist & has opposite action

Must reflex when against contracts to allow movement

59
Q

Stabilizers

A

Muscles surround joint to stabilize it for another limb to move

60
Q

Synergistic

A

Muscles that assist in the action of agonist

Guiding muscles for more refined movement

61
Q

Neutralizer

A

Counteract action of another muscle ~ prevent undesirable movements

62
Q

Origin

A

Fixed end of muscle (normally close body’s midline)

63
Q

Insertion

A

Moveable end of muscle (normally farther from midline)

Moves toward origin

64
Q

Slow twitch (muscles contract slowly

A

Smaller in size

Slower conduction velocities

Produce less force

Energy efficient

Best suited for endurance activites

65
Q

Fast twitch (muscles contract fast)

A

Larger in size

Quicker conduction velocities

Produces more force

Designed for explosiveness, fatigues easily

Best suited for strength & power

66
Q

Withdrawal reflex

A

Painful touch ~ sensory neuron ~ interneurons ~ motor neuron (muscle moves away unconsciously) and brain (feel pain)

67
Q

Cross extensor reflex

A

This is observed when one leg or arm automatically compensates for a reflex action in the opposing leg or arm

Stimulus detected ~ sensory neuron ~ interneurons ~ motor neuron and different motor neuron

Activates two responses

Kinesiology (4 decks)

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