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ANA 1 > Muscle & Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Muscle & Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Aggregates of elongated cells in parallel array whoseprimary role is contraction and movement

A

Skeletal muscle

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2
Q

Origin of skeletal muscle

A

Mesodermal

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3
Q

Term for cell membrane of muscle tissue

A

Sarcolemma

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4
Q

Term for cytoplasm of muscle tissue

A

Sarcoplasm

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5
Q

Term for smooth endoplasmic reticulum of muscle tissue

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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6
Q

Term for mitochondra of muscle tissue

A

Sarcosome

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7
Q

Term for nucleus of muscle tissue

A

Sarcomere

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8
Q

Classification According to Morphology

A

Striated

Non striated

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9
Q

characterized with alternating light and dark bands

cross-striations

A

Striated

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10
Q

2 bands in striated tissue

A 
A band (anisotropic)
I band (isotropic)
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11
Q

Darker bands. Brifringent in polarized light

A

A band

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12
Q

Lighter bands. Does not alter in polarized light

A

I band

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13
Q

Classification According to Function/Activity

A

Voluntary

Involuntary

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14
Q

Conscious contro

A

Voluntary

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15
Q

no conscious control (i.e. cardiac and smooth muscles)

→ Controlled by ANS and PNS

A

Involuntary

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16
Q

Classification According to Morphology and Function

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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17
Q

Serves as a forceful, quick discontinuous voluntary contraction

A

Skeletal

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18
Q

Serves as a strong, quick continuous involuntary contraction

A

Cardiac

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19
Q

Weak, slow involuntary contraction

A

Smooth

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20
Q

Skeletal muscle

Nuclei located:
Classify morphology:
Classify function:

A

Periphery - multinucleated
Striated
Voluntary

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21
Q

Cardiac

Nuclei located:
Classify morphology:
Classify function:

A

Central nucleus
Striated w/ intercalated disc
Involuntary

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22
Q

Smooth muscle

Nuclei located:
Classify morphology:
Classify function:

A

Central Nuclei
Non striated
Involuntary

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23
Q

Structural and functional subunit of the muscle fiber

A

Myofibril

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24
Q

associated proteins actual contractile elements of striated muscle

A

Myofilaments

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25
Q

Filament components of myofilaments

A

Myosin II - thick filaments

Actin - thin filaments

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26
Q

Coverings of connective tissue

A

Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium

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27
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

→ Ensheaths the entire muscle

A

Epimysium

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28
Q

Covers each muscle fascicle

A

Perimysium

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29
Q

Muscle fascicle:

A

composed of bundles of muscle fibers

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30
Q

Innermost covering

→ Covers each muscle fiber (also called as a muscle cel

A

Endomysium

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31
Q

Endomysium is composed of mainly ________ & _________

A

Reticular fibers & scattered fibroblast

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32
Q

Components of A band. Define.

A

H band - center. Contains myosin II.

M line - bisected H band

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33
Q

H band ; M line

I band ; ______

A

Z line/disc

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34
Q

Smallest subunit of contractile apparatus

A

Sarcomere

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35
Q

3 Molecular Structure of Sarcomere

A

Thick filament
Thin filament
Alpha actinin and desmin

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36
Q

Thin filament is composed of

A

F actin

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37
Q

Binds 2 adjacent sarcomere

A

Alpha actinin and desmin

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38
Q

Gulf club part of the thick filaments

A

Myosin heads

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39
Q

The length of a sarcomere is from one z disc/line to

another. T/F

A

T

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40
Q

4 Major Muscle Proteins

A

Actin
Myosin II
Tropomyosin
Troponin

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41
Q

Has two strands of globular (G-actin) monomers in

double helical formation

A

Actin

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42
Q

Composed of 3 Globular Subunits
▪ Troponin C - Calcium
▪ Troponin T - Tropomyosin
▪ Troponin I - Actin

A

Troponin

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43
Q

Tropomyosin

A

Double-helix of 2 polypeptide chains

→ Runs in the groove between F-actin molecules

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44
Q

Composed of 2 heavy and 4 light chains

A

Myosin II

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45
Q

What is Sliding Filament Mechanism of Muscle Contraction?

A

During contraction, z disc, thin and thick filaments slide to each other.

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46
Q

During sliding filament mechanism, what band disappears?

A

Light band

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47
Q

Molecule that binds to troponin, which then changes its shape. Moving tropomyosin on the actin to expose active sites on actin molecules of
thin filaments.

A

Calcium

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48
Q

ability to receive and respond to stimuli

A

Excitability

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49
Q

ability to shorten when stimulated

A

Contractability

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50
Q

ability to be stretched

A

Extensibility

51
Q

ability to recoil to resting length

A

Elasticity

52
Q

Muscle functions

A

● Movement of bones or fluids (e.g. blood)
● Maintaining posture and body position
● Stabilizing joints
● Heat generation (especially skeletal muscle)

53
Q

found inside the muscle fibers to store oxygen to produce ATP upon command

A

Myoglobin

54
Q

Molecule that exhibit striations in the muscle. Long fibrous molecule in muscle.

A

Myofibrils

55
Q

run the entire length of an A band

A

Thick filaments

56
Q

run the length of the I band and partway into the A band

A

Thin filaments

57
Q

coin-shaped sheet of proteins that anchors the thin

filaments and connects myofibrils to one another

A

Z disc

58
Q

lighter mid region where filaments do not overlap

A

H zone

59
Q

line of protein myomesin that holds adjacent thick filaments together

A

M line

60
Q

Other term for thin filaments

A

Actin filaments

61
Q

Other term for thick filaments

A

Myosin filaments

62
Q

Sends data from the musculoskeletal system to the CNS

A

Encapsulated proprioreceptors

63
Q

2 examples of encapsulated proprioreceptors

A

Muscle spindle

Golgi tendon muscle

64
Q

Enxapsulated proprioreceptors that Contain afferent sensory and efferent motor nerve fibers.

A

Muscle spindle

65
Q

Encapsulated proprioreceptors that Contain only afferent nerve fibers

A

Golgi tendon organ

66
Q

Golgi tendon organ is responsible for:

A. Tension
B. Stretching

A

A

67
Q

Genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness due to the absence of DISTROPHIN.

A

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)

68
Q

Function of distrophin

A

Help keep muscle intact

69
Q

Autoimmune and neuromuscular disease involves circulating antibodies against proteins of acetylcholine receptors.

Symptoms:
Weakness of muscles involved in facial expression
Drooping of eyelids and mouth (stroke-like) - ptosis

A

Myasthenia gravis

70
Q

Ptosis

A

Drooping of eyelids and mouth

71
Q

Type of muscle

● Branching fibers
● Cross-striated banding pattern
● 1 or 2 centrally-located, pale-staining nuclei

A

Cardiac muscle

72
Q

Represent the interfaces between adjacent cells and

consists of many junctional complexes

A

Intercalated disc

73
Q

→ Impulse-conducting fibers
→ Nucleus is round and larger than the cardiac cell and
the cytoplasm is more pale-staining

A

Purkinje fibers

74
Q

→ Specialized cells in the heart

A

Purkinje fibers

75
Q

Where is purkinje fibers located

A

Subendocargial layer between endocardium and myocardium

76
Q

Serves as anchoring sites for actin filaments of terminal sarcomeres.

A. Fascia adherentes
B. Macula adherentes/Desmosome
C. Gap junction

A

A.

77
Q

Provide ionic continuity between adjacent cells

A. Fascia adherentes
B. Macula adherentes/Desmosome
C. Gap junction

A

C

78
Q

Bind individual cardiac cells to one another

A. Fascia adherentes
B. Macula adherentes/Desmosome
C. Gap junction

A

B

79
Q

Undergo limited regeneration

A

Skeletal muscle - help of satellite cells

80
Q

Undergo NO regeneration

A

Cardiac muscles

81
Q

Can undergo full regeneration

A

Smooth muscle - due to miosis

82
Q

→ Finger-like invaginations of sarcolemma

→ Regulates Ca2+ influx and efflux

A

T-tubules

83
Q

Branching network of sER-cisternae

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

84
Q

1SR + 1 T-tubule

A

DIAD

85
Q

2 lateral portions of SR + 1 T-tubule

A

TRIAD

86
Q

Elongated, non-striated, spindle-shaped cells

Fusiform

A

Smooth muscle

87
Q

Shape of smooth muscle nucleus

A

Cigar shape

88
Q

Thin filaments alternative to troponin?

A

Calmodulin

89
Q

Calmodulin

A

Calcium-binding protein involved in the contraction

of non-muscle cells

90
Q

Composed of desmin (skeleton) and vimentin (in
vascular smooth muscles)
→ Attachment to dense bodies help transmit contractile
forces to adjacent smooth muscles and surrounding
network of reticular fibers

A

Intermediate filament

91
Q

Intermediate filaments is composed of _______ and _______.

A

Desmin & vimentin

92
Q

Types of smooth muscles

A

Visceral - internal organs. Many gap junctions while poor nerve supply
Multiunit - iris of the eye. More contranctions

93
Q

2 divisions of nervous system

A

CNS - brain and spinal cord

PNS - others na. Specialized in nerve endings.

94
Q

→ Functional unit of structure of the nervous system

A

Neurons/nerve cells

95
Q

→ For supporting and protecting neurons

→ Do not receive or transmit impulses

A

Glial cells

96
Q

CNS ; Glial cells

PNS ; __________________

A

Shwann cells and satellite cells

97
Q

__________ is found in the cytoplasm of neuron’s cell body, which is stacked rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae + free ribosomes

A

Nissl bodies

98
Q
  • Fat-like substances covering axons
    ● Concentric layers of mixed lipids alternating with thin
    layers of the protein neurokeratin
A

Myelin

99
Q

Cell that produce myelin in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

100
Q

Cell that produce myelin in the PNS

A

Shwann cells

101
Q

Types of neurons

A

Bipolar
Multipolar
Pseudounipolar
Anaxonic

102
Q

Neuron With one axon and one dendrite
● Comprise the inner ear, olfactory epithelium and
sensory neurons of retina

A

Bipolar

103
Q

Neuron with One axon split into two branches

A

Pseudounipolar

104
Q

Neuron with One axon and two or more dendrites

A

Multipolar

105
Q

Type of neuron
● No true axons but many dendrites
● Do not produce action potentials but regulate electrical
changes of the adjacent CNS neurons

A

Anaxonic

106
Q

Receives and transmits the impulses to the CNS for

processing

A

Sensory neurons/afferent

107
Q

It transmits the impulses from the CNS to effector organ

throughout the body

A

Motor neurons/efferent

108
Q

Synapse

A

● Point of contact of a neuron or another cell

● Site of transmission of nerve impulses

109
Q

3 types of synapses

A

Axodentritic
Axosomatic
Axoaxonic

110
Q

Axon > axon

A

Axoaxonic

111
Q

Axon > cell body

A

Axosomatic

112
Q

Axon > dendrites

A

Axodendritic

113
Q

Identify the corresponding functions of the following sensory receptors:

▪ Vater Pacinian Corpuscle
▪ Meissner’s Corpuscle
▪ Ruffini’s Corpuscle
▪ Krause End Bulb
▪ Neuromuscular Spindle and Golgi Tendon Organ
A 
Pressure
Touch
Warmth
Cold
Proprioreceptors
114
Q

Sensory receptors that monitors blood CO2, oxygen and pH levels

A

Chemoreceptors

115
Q

Sensory receptors that monitors arterial blood pressure

A

Baroreceptors

116
Q

Rods and Cones - ?

▪ Organ of Corti- Hearing

A

Vision

117
Q

Atrocytes:

Origin
Location
function

A

Neural ectoderm
Cns
Structural support, repair, BBB

118
Q

Ependymal cells

Origin
Location
function

A

Neural ectoderm
Cns
Lines the cns cavity

119
Q

Microglia

Origin
Location
function

A

Mesoderm
Cns
Macrophagic activity

120
Q

Predominant glial cell in the white matter

A

Oligodenrocytes

121
Q

Called “neurolemmocytes”📖
→ Enclose all axons in nerves of the PNS, producing
myelin sheaths around the large-diameter axons, whose
impulse activity is augmented at the nodes of Ranvier
between successive Schwann cells

A

Schwann cells

122
Q

Most numerous cell of the CNS

A

Astrocytes

123
Q

Types of astrocytes

A

Fibrous

Protoplasmic

124
Q
  • Simple cuboidal cells that line the ventricles in the brain
    and the central canal in the spinal cord
  • lines cns cavity
A

Ependymal cells

ANA 1 (5 decks)

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