Muscle & Nervous Tissue Flashcards
1
Q
Aggregates of elongated cells in parallel array whoseprimary role is contraction and movement
A
Skeletal muscle
2
Q
Origin of skeletal muscle
A
Mesodermal
3
Q
Term for cell membrane of muscle tissue
A
Sarcolemma
4
Q
Term for cytoplasm of muscle tissue
A
Sarcoplasm
5
Q
Term for smooth endoplasmic reticulum of muscle tissue
A
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
6
Q
Term for mitochondra of muscle tissue
A
Sarcosome
7
Q
Term for nucleus of muscle tissue
A
Sarcomere
8
Q
Classification According to Morphology
A
Striated
Non striated
9
Q
characterized with alternating light and dark bands
cross-striations
A
Striated
10
Q
2 bands in striated tissue
A
A band (anisotropic) I band (isotropic)
11
Q
Darker bands. Brifringent in polarized light
A
A band
12
Q
Lighter bands. Does not alter in polarized light
A
I band
13
Q
Classification According to Function/Activity
A
Voluntary
Involuntary
14
Q
Conscious contro
A
Voluntary
15
Q
no conscious control (i.e. cardiac and smooth muscles)
→ Controlled by ANS and PNS
A
Involuntary
16
Q
Classification According to Morphology and Function
A
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
17
Q
Serves as a forceful, quick discontinuous voluntary contraction
A
Skeletal
18
Q
Serves as a strong, quick continuous involuntary contraction
A
Cardiac
19
Q
Weak, slow involuntary contraction
A
Smooth
20
Q
Skeletal muscle
Nuclei located:
Classify morphology:
Classify function:
A
Periphery - multinucleated
Striated
Voluntary
21
Q
Cardiac
Nuclei located:
Classify morphology:
Classify function:
A
Central nucleus
Striated w/ intercalated disc
Involuntary
22
Q
Smooth muscle
Nuclei located:
Classify morphology:
Classify function:
A
Central Nuclei
Non striated
Involuntary
23
Q
Structural and functional subunit of the muscle fiber
A
Myofibril
24
Q
associated proteins actual contractile elements of striated muscle
A
Myofilaments
25
Filament components of myofilaments
Myosin II - thick filaments
| Actin - thin filaments
26
Coverings of connective tissue
Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium
27
Dense irregular connective tissue
| → Ensheaths the entire muscle
Epimysium
28
Covers each muscle fascicle
Perimysium
29
Muscle fascicle:
composed of bundles of muscle fibers
30
Innermost covering
| → Covers each muscle fiber (also called as a muscle cel
Endomysium
31
Endomysium is composed of mainly ________ & _________
Reticular fibers & scattered fibroblast
32
Components of A band. Define.
H band - center. Contains myosin II.
| M line - bisected H band
33
H band ; M line
| I band ; ______
Z line/disc
34
Smallest subunit of contractile apparatus
Sarcomere
35
3 Molecular Structure of Sarcomere
Thick filament
Thin filament
Alpha actinin and desmin
36
Thin filament is composed of
F actin
37
Binds 2 adjacent sarcomere
Alpha actinin and desmin
38
Gulf club part of the thick filaments
Myosin heads
39
The length of a sarcomere is from one z disc/line to
| another. T/F
T
40
4 Major Muscle Proteins
Actin
Myosin II
Tropomyosin
Troponin
41
Has two strands of globular (G-actin) monomers in
| double helical formation
Actin
42
Composed of 3 Globular Subunits
▪ Troponin C - Calcium
▪ Troponin T - Tropomyosin
▪ Troponin I - Actin
Troponin
43
Tropomyosin
Double-helix of 2 polypeptide chains
| → Runs in the groove between F-actin molecules
44
Composed of 2 heavy and 4 light chains
Myosin II
45
What is Sliding Filament Mechanism of Muscle Contraction?
During contraction, z disc, thin and thick filaments slide to each other.
46
During sliding filament mechanism, what band disappears?
Light band
47
Molecule that binds to troponin, which then changes its shape. Moving tropomyosin on the actin to expose active sites on actin molecules of
thin filaments.
Calcium
48
ability to receive and respond to stimuli
Excitability
49
ability to shorten when stimulated
Contractability
50
ability to be stretched
Extensibility
51
ability to recoil to resting length
Elasticity
52
Muscle functions
● Movement of bones or fluids (e.g. blood)
● Maintaining posture and body position
● Stabilizing joints
● Heat generation (especially skeletal muscle)
53
found inside the muscle fibers to store oxygen to produce ATP upon command
Myoglobin
54
Molecule that exhibit striations in the muscle. Long fibrous molecule in muscle.
Myofibrils
55
run the entire length of an A band
Thick filaments
56
run the length of the I band and partway into the A band
Thin filaments
57
coin-shaped sheet of proteins that anchors the thin
| filaments and connects myofibrils to one another
Z disc
58
lighter mid region where filaments do not overlap
H zone
59
line of protein myomesin that holds adjacent thick filaments together
M line
60
Other term for thin filaments
Actin filaments
61
Other term for thick filaments
Myosin filaments
62
Sends data from the musculoskeletal system to the CNS
Encapsulated proprioreceptors
63
2 examples of encapsulated proprioreceptors
Muscle spindle
| Golgi tendon muscle
64
Enxapsulated proprioreceptors that Contain afferent sensory and efferent motor nerve fibers.
Muscle spindle
65
Encapsulated proprioreceptors that Contain only afferent nerve fibers
Golgi tendon organ
66
Golgi tendon organ is responsible for:
A. Tension
B. Stretching
A
67
Genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness due to the absence of DISTROPHIN.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)
68
Function of distrophin
Help keep muscle intact
69
Autoimmune and neuromuscular disease involves circulating antibodies against proteins of acetylcholine receptors.
Symptoms:
Weakness of muscles involved in facial expression
Drooping of eyelids and mouth (stroke-like) - ptosis
Myasthenia gravis
70
Ptosis
Drooping of eyelids and mouth
71
Type of muscle
● Branching fibers
● Cross-striated banding pattern
● 1 or 2 centrally-located, pale-staining nuclei
Cardiac muscle
72
Represent the interfaces between adjacent cells and
| consists of many junctional complexes
Intercalated disc
73
→ Impulse-conducting fibers
→ Nucleus is round and larger than the cardiac cell and
the cytoplasm is more pale-staining
Purkinje fibers
74
→ Specialized cells in the heart
Purkinje fibers
75
Where is purkinje fibers located
Subendocargial layer between endocardium and myocardium
76
Serves as anchoring sites for actin filaments of terminal sarcomeres.
A. Fascia adherentes
B. Macula adherentes/Desmosome
C. Gap junction
A.
77
Provide ionic continuity between adjacent cells
A. Fascia adherentes
B. Macula adherentes/Desmosome
C. Gap junction
C
78
Bind individual cardiac cells to one another
A. Fascia adherentes
B. Macula adherentes/Desmosome
C. Gap junction
B
79
Undergo limited regeneration
Skeletal muscle - help of satellite cells
80
Undergo NO regeneration
Cardiac muscles
81
Can undergo full regeneration
Smooth muscle - due to miosis
82
→ Finger-like invaginations of sarcolemma
| → Regulates Ca2+ influx and efflux
T-tubules
83
Branching network of sER-cisternae
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
84
1SR + 1 T-tubule
DIAD
85
2 lateral portions of SR + 1 T-tubule
TRIAD
86
Elongated, non-striated, spindle-shaped cells
| Fusiform
Smooth muscle
87
Shape of smooth muscle nucleus
Cigar shape
88
Thin filaments alternative to troponin?
Calmodulin
89
Calmodulin
Calcium-binding protein involved in the contraction
| of non-muscle cells
90
Composed of desmin (skeleton) and vimentin (in
vascular smooth muscles)
→ Attachment to dense bodies help transmit contractile
forces to adjacent smooth muscles and surrounding
network of reticular fibers
Intermediate filament
91
Intermediate filaments is composed of _______ and _______.
Desmin & vimentin
92
Types of smooth muscles
Visceral - internal organs. Many gap junctions while poor nerve supply
Multiunit - iris of the eye. More contranctions
93
2 divisions of nervous system
CNS - brain and spinal cord
| PNS - others na. Specialized in nerve endings.
94
→ Functional unit of structure of the nervous system
Neurons/nerve cells
95
→ For supporting and protecting neurons
| → Do not receive or transmit impulses
Glial cells
96
CNS ; Glial cells
| PNS ; __________________
Shwann cells and satellite cells
97
__________ is found in the cytoplasm of neuron's cell body, which is stacked rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae + free ribosomes
Nissl bodies
98
- Fat-like substances covering axons
● Concentric layers of mixed lipids alternating with thin
layers of the protein neurokeratin
Myelin
99
Cell that produce myelin in the CNS
Oligodendrocytes
100
Cell that produce myelin in the PNS
Shwann cells
101
Types of neurons
Bipolar
Multipolar
Pseudounipolar
Anaxonic
102
Neuron With one axon and one dendrite
● Comprise the inner ear, olfactory epithelium and
sensory neurons of retina
Bipolar
103
Neuron with One axon split into two branches
Pseudounipolar
104
Neuron with One axon and two or more dendrites
Multipolar
105
Type of neuron
● No true axons but many dendrites
● Do not produce action potentials but regulate electrical
changes of the adjacent CNS neurons
Anaxonic
106
Receives and transmits the impulses to the CNS for
| processing
Sensory neurons/afferent
107
It transmits the impulses from the CNS to effector organ
| throughout the body
Motor neurons/efferent
108
Synapse
● Point of contact of a neuron or another cell
| ● Site of transmission of nerve impulses
109
3 types of synapses
Axodentritic
Axosomatic
Axoaxonic
110
Axon > axon
Axoaxonic
111
Axon > cell body
Axosomatic
112
Axon > dendrites
Axodendritic
113
Identify the corresponding functions of the following sensory receptors:
```
▪ Vater Pacinian Corpuscle
▪ Meissner’s Corpuscle
▪ Ruffini’s Corpuscle
▪ Krause End Bulb
▪ Neuromuscular Spindle and Golgi Tendon Organ
```
```
Pressure
Touch
Warmth
Cold
Proprioreceptors
```
114
Sensory receptors that monitors blood CO2, oxygen and pH levels
Chemoreceptors
115
Sensory receptors that monitors arterial blood pressure
Baroreceptors
116
Rods and Cones - ?
| ▪ Organ of Corti- Hearing
Vision
117
Atrocytes:
Origin
Location
function
Neural ectoderm
Cns
Structural support, repair, BBB
118
Ependymal cells
Origin
Location
function
Neural ectoderm
Cns
Lines the cns cavity
119
Microglia
Origin
Location
function
Mesoderm
Cns
Macrophagic activity
120
Predominant glial cell in the white matter
Oligodenrocytes
121
Called “neurolemmocytes”📖
→ Enclose all axons in nerves of the PNS, producing
myelin sheaths around the large-diameter axons, whose
impulse activity is augmented at the nodes of Ranvier
between successive Schwann cells
Schwann cells
122
Most numerous cell of the CNS
Astrocytes
123
Types of astrocytes
Fibrous
| Protoplasmic
124
- Simple cuboidal cells that line the ventricles in the brain
and the central canal in the spinal cord
- lines cns cavity
Ependymal cells
