Muscle-Embryo Extras

Question 1

GOF

Answer 1

caudalization
upper looks like lower
happens in Hox 6 and 10
6: cervical looks like thoracic, gains ribs, thoracic outlet syndrome
10: Thoracic looks like lumbar, loses ribs

Question 2

LOF

Answer 2

Cranialization 
lower looks like upper 
Hox 4, 5, 10
4: cervical looks like C1 
5: cervical/thoracic look like C2 
6: Lumbar looks like thoracic, more ribs

Question 3

Hox genes

Answer 3

4+5: cervical

6: ribs
9: floating ribs
10: lumbar vert
11: sacral vert

Question 4

poland syndrome

Answer 4

abnormal migration of hypaxial muscle

Question 5

prune belly syndrome

Answer 5

abnormal migration of hypaxial muscle and intermediate mesoderm