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Exercise Biochemistry > Muscle Damage and Disease > Flashcards

Muscle Damage and Disease Flashcards

1
Q

How are muscle fibres produced?

A

Satellite cells stimulated
Chemotaxis to myonucleus
Myonucleus contains actively proliferating myoblasts
Fusion of myoblasts into myotubes

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2
Q

Where do satellite cells reside?

A

Between fibre and basal lamina

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3
Q

What area does each nucleus control?

A

30µm

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4
Q

What type of muscle fibre has more satellite cells?

A

Slow

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5
Q

Do young or old fibres have more satellite cells?

A

Young

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6
Q

How long can damage increase after exercise?

A

up to 30 hours

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7
Q

Is concentric or eccentric exercise more damaging?

A

eccentric

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8
Q

What are the results of damage?

A

Streaming of the Z line
non-uniformity of the sarcomere length
Holes in membrane

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9
Q

When does damage spread into neighbouring sarcomeres?

A

On next contraction

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10
Q

Which type of fibre is most susceptible to damage?

A

type 2

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11
Q

What effect does damage have on power output?

A

Decreases

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12
Q

How is damage repaired?

A

Holes release Ca in fibre
Activates Proteases to degrade tissue
Recruits macrophages and neutrophils to remove tissue

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13
Q

How long is extreme damage repaired in?

A

Degraded in 4 days

Regenerated in 10 days

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14
Q

How are satellite cells activated?

A

Nitric oxide

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15
Q

What are characteristics of new muscle fibres?

A

Smaller diameter

Central nuclei

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16
Q

What do satellite cells produce?

A

Hepatocyte growth factors

Insulin-like growth factors

17
Q

Is trained muscle more or less resistant to damage?

A

more

18
Q

What are the dystrophies associated with skeletal muscle damage?

A

Duchenne
Beckers
Limb Girdle
Emery Drieffus

19
Q

What mutations are there in duchenne muscular dystrophy?

A

X-linked deletion of Dystrophin
Actin- (N) dystrophin (C)- α dystroglycan -costamere connection is absent
Lack of lateral force support

20
Q

What is Becker’s muscular dystrophy?

A

N-dystrophin truncation so no binding to actin.

Muscle weakness not fatal

21
Q

What are mutations associated with nemaline myopathies?

A

Actin
Nebulin (MOST)
Tropomyosin

22
Q

What are the symptoms of nemaline myopathies?

A

Nuclear actin rods
Sarcoplasmic actin rods
loss of actin/actinopathy

23
Q

What are the 2 types of cardiomyopathies?

A

Hypertrophic

Dilated

24
Q

What filament do cardiomyopathies effect?

A

cardiac myosin thickening or thinning

25
Q

What cellular symptoms do cardiomyopathies have?

A

Disorganised myocytes

26
Q

How is α-actinin varied in genetics?

A

4 isoforms

type 3 in fast fibres

27
Q

How many people does Duchenne affect?

A

1/4000

28
Q

How many people does Beckers affect?

A

1/20000

Exercise Biochemistry (4 decks)

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