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Exercise Biochemistry > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What is the centre of fuel balance?

A

TCA

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2
Q

What are the different energy stores and their capacities?

A

Blood Glucose 0.16MJ
Liver Glycogen 2.4MJ
Proteins 100MJ
Lipids 400MJ

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3
Q

What percentage of lipids are convertable to carbohydrates?

A

6%

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4
Q

What are the daily energy requirements?

A

12MJ

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5
Q

What is [blood glucose]?

A

5mM

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6
Q

Per gram, do FFA or CH have more energy?

A

FA have 10x more

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7
Q

What metabolism effects does insulin have?

A

Glucose breakdown

Glycogen, Lipids, Protein synthesis

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8
Q

What metabolism effects does Glucagon/adrenalin have?

A

Gluconeogenesis (increase)

Glycogen, Lipids, protein breakdown

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9
Q

What metabolism effects do TNFα and Interleukins (INFLAMMATION) have?

A

Glucose, Glycogen, Lipid and Protein breakdown

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10
Q

What metabolism effects does growth hormone have?

A

Gluconeogenesis
Glycogen, Protein synthesis
Lipid breakdown

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11
Q

What metabolism effects does cortisol have?

A

Gluconeogenesis
Glycogen moved to muscle
Protein breakdown
Lipids moved to abdomen

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12
Q

What cellular effects does insulin have?

A

RTK- IRS -PI3K, PKB
Glut 4 receptor
Glycolysis recruits additional hexokinase from nucelus sequestration

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13
Q

What tissues does glucagon act on?

A

Liver and adipose

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14
Q

What cellular effects does glucagon have?

A

GPCR- Adenylate cyclase -cAMP- PKA

Glut2 receptors release glucose

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15
Q

Where does adrenalin act?

A

α and β adrenergic in liver
adipose
β adrenergic in muscle

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16
Q

What structure is adrenalin?

A

catecholamine (steriod) synthesised in adrenal medulla

17
Q

When is adrenalin released?

A

> 50% VO2 max to prime tissue for exercise

Activation of sympathetic NS

18
Q

What effects do α adrenergic receptors have?

A

Release of Calcium from ER

19
Q

What effects do β adrenergic receptors have?

A

GPCRS- cAMP- PKA

20
Q

How is AMPK activated?

A

In times of cellular stress (high [AMP] from 2ADP→ ATP + AMP)
Independant of hormones

21
Q

What cellular effects does AMPK cause?

A

Anaerobic respiration

Oxidation of Fatty Acids

22
Q

What hormones are released over an extended period?

A

Cortisol
Growth hormone
Cytokines

23
Q

How are hormones released?

A

Quantal/pusatile release with varying frequency

24
Q

Do all cells respond equally to hormones?

A

No

25
Q

What physiological effects does cortisol produce?

A

Immunosuppression

Tissue repair

26
Q

When is cortisol released?

A

> 60% VO2max
injury
infection
lack of food

27
Q

What is another name for growth hormone?

A

Somatotropin

28
Q

Do trained athletes show a different response to growth hormone?

A

Yes-greater response

29
Q

Does growth hormone act with or against cortisol?

A

With

30
Q

What cellular effects does growth hormone have?

A

Release of insulin-like growth factor 1

31
Q

What is myostatin?

A

Cytokine produced to autoregulate muscle growth by inhibiting mesenchymal stem cells

32
Q

What effects are observed in mysotatin null individuals?

A

Increased bone density

Twice muscle mass

33
Q

What effect do anabolic steriods have?

A

Promote responses to training

Similar to myostatin

34
Q

What are the inflammatory cytokines released by the liver?

A

TNFα
IL1
IL6

35
Q

What effects does IL6 have in exercising muscle?

A

lipid, glycogen breakdown

cortisol production

36
Q

How does training damage muscles?

A

Inflammation

Immunosuppression

37
Q

What effects does overtraining have?

A

Decline in other hypothalamus secretion for other hormone pathways

Exercise Biochemistry (4 decks)

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