Hormones Flashcards
What is the centre of fuel balance?
TCA
What are the different energy stores and their capacities?
Blood Glucose 0.16MJ
Liver Glycogen 2.4MJ
Proteins 100MJ
Lipids 400MJ
What percentage of lipids are convertable to carbohydrates?
6%
What are the daily energy requirements?
12MJ
What is [blood glucose]?
5mM
Per gram, do FFA or CH have more energy?
FA have 10x more
What metabolism effects does insulin have?
Glucose breakdown
Glycogen, Lipids, Protein synthesis
What metabolism effects does Glucagon/adrenalin have?
Gluconeogenesis (increase)
Glycogen, Lipids, protein breakdown
What metabolism effects do TNFα and Interleukins (INFLAMMATION) have?
Glucose, Glycogen, Lipid and Protein breakdown
What metabolism effects does growth hormone have?
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogen, Protein synthesis
Lipid breakdown
What metabolism effects does cortisol have?
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogen moved to muscle
Protein breakdown
Lipids moved to abdomen
What cellular effects does insulin have?
RTK- IRS -PI3K, PKB
Glut 4 receptor
Glycolysis recruits additional hexokinase from nucelus sequestration
What tissues does glucagon act on?
Liver and adipose
What cellular effects does glucagon have?
GPCR- Adenylate cyclase -cAMP- PKA
Glut2 receptors release glucose
Where does adrenalin act?
α and β adrenergic in liver
adipose
β adrenergic in muscle
What structure is adrenalin?
catecholamine (steriod) synthesised in adrenal medulla
When is adrenalin released?
> 50% VO2 max to prime tissue for exercise
Activation of sympathetic NS
What effects do α adrenergic receptors have?
Release of Calcium from ER
What effects do β adrenergic receptors have?
GPCRS- cAMP- PKA
How is AMPK activated?
In times of cellular stress (high [AMP] from 2ADP→ ATP + AMP)
Independant of hormones
What cellular effects does AMPK cause?
Anaerobic respiration
Oxidation of Fatty Acids
What hormones are released over an extended period?
Cortisol
Growth hormone
Cytokines
How are hormones released?
Quantal/pusatile release with varying frequency
Do all cells respond equally to hormones?
No
What physiological effects does cortisol produce?
Immunosuppression
Tissue repair
When is cortisol released?
> 60% VO2max
injury
infection
lack of food
What is another name for growth hormone?
Somatotropin
Do trained athletes show a different response to growth hormone?
Yes-greater response
Does growth hormone act with or against cortisol?
With
What cellular effects does growth hormone have?
Release of insulin-like growth factor 1
What is myostatin?
Cytokine produced to autoregulate muscle growth by inhibiting mesenchymal stem cells
What effects are observed in mysotatin null individuals?
Increased bone density
Twice muscle mass
What effect do anabolic steriods have?
Promote responses to training
Similar to myostatin
What are the inflammatory cytokines released by the liver?
TNFα
IL1
IL6
What effects does IL6 have in exercising muscle?
lipid, glycogen breakdown
cortisol production
How does training damage muscles?
Inflammation
Immunosuppression
What effects does overtraining have?
Decline in other hypothalamus secretion for other hormone pathways