Hormones

Question 1

What is the centre of fuel balance?

Answer 1

TCA

Question 2

What are the different energy stores and their capacities?

Answer 2

Blood Glucose 0.16MJ
Liver Glycogen 2.4MJ
Proteins 100MJ
Lipids 400MJ

Question 3

What percentage of lipids are convertable to carbohydrates?

Answer 3

6%

Question 4

What are the daily energy requirements?

Answer 4

12MJ

Question 5

What is [blood glucose]?

Answer 5

5mM

Question 6

Per gram, do FFA or CH have more energy?

Answer 6

FA have 10x more

Question 7

What metabolism effects does insulin have?

Answer 7

Glucose breakdown

Glycogen, Lipids, Protein synthesis

Question 8

What metabolism effects does Glucagon/adrenalin have?

Answer 8

Gluconeogenesis (increase)

Glycogen, Lipids, protein breakdown

Question 9

What metabolism effects do TNFα and Interleukins (INFLAMMATION) have?

Answer 9

Glucose, Glycogen, Lipid and Protein breakdown

Question 10

What metabolism effects does growth hormone have?

Answer 10

Gluconeogenesis
Glycogen, Protein synthesis
Lipid breakdown

Question 11

What metabolism effects does cortisol have?

Answer 11

Gluconeogenesis
Glycogen moved to muscle
Protein breakdown
Lipids moved to abdomen

Question 12

What cellular effects does insulin have?

Answer 12

RTK- IRS -PI3K, PKB
Glut 4 receptor
Glycolysis recruits additional hexokinase from nucelus sequestration

Question 13

What tissues does glucagon act on?

Answer 13

Liver and adipose

Question 14

What cellular effects does glucagon have?

Answer 14

GPCR- Adenylate cyclase -cAMP- PKA

Glut2 receptors release glucose

Question 15

Where does adrenalin act?

Answer 15

α and β adrenergic in liver
adipose
β adrenergic in muscle

Question 16

What structure is adrenalin?

Answer 16

catecholamine (steriod) synthesised in adrenal medulla

Question 17

When is adrenalin released?

Answer 17

> 50% VO2 max to prime tissue for exercise

Activation of sympathetic NS

Question 18

What effects do α adrenergic receptors have?

Answer 18

Release of Calcium from ER

Question 19

What effects do β adrenergic receptors have?

Answer 19

GPCRS- cAMP- PKA

Question 20

How is AMPK activated?

Answer 20

In times of cellular stress (high [AMP] from 2ADP→ ATP + AMP)
Independant of hormones

Question 21

What cellular effects does AMPK cause?

Answer 21

Anaerobic respiration

Oxidation of Fatty Acids

Question 22

What hormones are released over an extended period?

Answer 22

Cortisol
Growth hormone
Cytokines

Question 23

How are hormones released?

Answer 23

Quantal/pusatile release with varying frequency

Question 24

Do all cells respond equally to hormones?

Answer 24

No

Question 25

What physiological effects does cortisol produce?

Answer 25

Immunosuppression

Tissue repair

Question 26

When is cortisol released?

Answer 26

> 60% VO2max
injury
infection
lack of food

Question 27

What is another name for growth hormone?

Answer 27

Somatotropin

Question 28

Do trained athletes show a different response to growth hormone?

Answer 28

Yes-greater response

Question 29

Does growth hormone act with or against cortisol?

Answer 29

With

Question 30

What cellular effects does growth hormone have?

Answer 30

Release of insulin-like growth factor 1

Question 31

What is myostatin?

Answer 31

Cytokine produced to autoregulate muscle growth by inhibiting mesenchymal stem cells

Question 32

What effects are observed in mysotatin null individuals?

Answer 32

Increased bone density

Twice muscle mass

Question 33

What effect do anabolic steriods have?

Answer 33

Promote responses to training

Similar to myostatin

Question 34

What are the inflammatory cytokines released by the liver?

Answer 34

TNFα
IL1
IL6

Question 35

What effects does IL6 have in exercising muscle?

Answer 35

lipid, glycogen breakdown

cortisol production

Question 36

How does training damage muscles?

Answer 36

Inflammation

Immunosuppression

Question 37

What effects does overtraining have?

Answer 37

Decline in other hypothalamus secretion for other hormone pathways