Muscle Cells Flashcards
Skeletal Muscle functions
- Body movement
- Body posture
- Support and protection
- Sphincter control
- Temperature regulation
Smooth muscle functions
- Sphincter control
- Movement of food along GIT
- Regulation of blood flow
- Temperature regulation
Cardiac muscle functions
Regulation of blood flow
Characteristics of all muscles
- Excitability: responsive to stimuli
- Contractility: ability to shorten forcibly when adequately stimulated
- Extensibility: can extend beyond their resting/relaxed length
- Elasticity: recoil and resume its resting length after stretching
Common features of all muscle
- Actin and myosin
- Use of ATP
- Calcium ions
- Stimulation from action potential
Name the three types of troponin
- Troponin T - binds to tropomyosin
- Troponin C - binds to calcium
- Troponin I - inhibitory aspect, binds to actin to prevent myosin binding
Name the three types of troponin
- Troponin T - binds to tropomyosin
- Troponin C - binds to calcium
- Troponin I - inhibitory aspect, binds to actin to prevent myosin binding
Actin and myosin
- Make up roughly 90% of muscle protein
- Both are ATPases and so hydrolyse ATP
Name for muscle cell membrane
Sarcolemma
Name for muscle cell cytoplasm
Sarcoplasm
Name for muscle cell endoplasmic reticulum
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Name for a single muscle cell
Myocyte or myofibre
What are the connective tissues that cover and support skeletal muscle?
- Epimysium
- Perimysium
- Endomysium
Define fasicle
Grouping of elongated bundles of muscle fibres
Define sarcomere
Contractile unit of myofilaments
Features of cardiac muscle
- Can contract without stimulation - auto-rhythmic
- Involuntary muscle - autonomic nervous system
- Branched cells
Features of cardiomyocytes
- Striated
- Small - 100micrometres in length
- Uni- or bi-nucleated
- Intercalated discs: gap junctions and desmosomes
- Large number of mitochondria
- Aerobic respiration - can use multiple fuel sources
Features of smooth muscle cells
- Small - 100 - 200 micrometres in length
- Spindle shaped cells arranged into sheets
- Less regularly organised
- No striations
- Single nucleus
- Involuntary - ANS, hormones & stretch
How does smooth muscle contraction compare to the other types?
Slower contraction rate but longer duration
How does smooth muscle contraction compare to the other types?
Slower contraction rate but longer duration
What are T tubules?
- extensions of the sarcolemma that invaginate into the cell
- they transmit the electrical impulse deep within the cell structure
- they are closely associated with the SR to stimulate release of Ca2+ - enables whole cell to contract almost simultaneously
Discuss the steps of muscle development
- Embryonic mesoderm cells called myoblasts undergo cell division
- Several myoblasts fuse together to form a myotube
- Myotube matures into skeletal muscle fibre
What do Z discs form?
The boundaries between the sarcomeres
What are the supporting proteins critical for maintaining sarcomere structure?
- alpha-actin
- titin
- nebulin
- dystrophin
What is in the A band of a sarcomere?
Mainly myosin with some overlapping of actin
What is in the I band of the sarcomere?
Mostly actin
What binds the myosin to the M line?
Titin
Where is the M line
In the H zone of the A band
Sliding Filament Theory
- At rest: the A band and I band are similar width
- During contraction, the myosin binds actin, pulling inwards shortening the sarcomere - Z discs move closer together
- The I band reduces in size
- The A band remains the same width, consisting of greater actin and myosin overlap
What does each myosin-II molecule consist of?
- Two intertwined heavy chains (MHC)
- Two essential light chains (MLC-1) - stabilises myosin head
- Two regulatory light chains (MLC-2) regulates ATPase activity of myosin
What covers the active site of actin to prevent contraction?
Tropomyosin
What is the role of calcium in skeletal muscle contraction?
- Following neuronal stimulation and depolarisation of the muscle cell, Ca2+ is released from the SR and binds TnC
- This causes conformational change in TnI and TnT rotates tropomyosin to reveal myosin binding sites on actin
- In the presence of ATP, myosin can bind actin - sarcomeres shorten and muscle contracts
- Calcium couples the electrical stimulation into mechanical contraction
Neuromuscular Junction
-Action potential travels down motor neurone to the terminal end plate/bouton
-Voltage gated calcium channels then open and an influx of Ca2+ initiates vesicles containing acetylcholine to fuse with membrane
-Acetylcholine (Ach) released into synaptic cleft
-Ach attaches to nicotinic Ach receptors (nAchR)
Acetylcholinesterase rapidly breaks down Ach in synaptic cleft
Full name for T tubules
Transverse tubules
End of Contraction
- Action potential stops, Ca2+ is pumped back into the SR by active transport - sarco-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA)
- Within the SR, calsequestrin and calreticulin are major Ca-binding proteins in skeletal muscle
- Located predominantly at triad junction
Define excitation contraction coupling
Linkage between excitation of the muscle fibre membrane and the onset of contraction
What is the latent period in skeletal muscle contraction?
The time from the peak of the action potential to the onset of contraction
What causes the latent period in skeletal muscle contraction?
Changes in the electric field are restricted to the immediate vicinity of the plasma membrane and so other actions are required to reach all the muscle fibres causing a delay
What makes a triad?
Two terminal cisternae (part of the sarcoplasmic reticulum) and one T tubule
Role of the transverse tubule
- Action potential is propagated from the end plate along the surface of the muscle fibre (sarcolemma)
- Action potential is propagated into the fibre down the T-tubule membrane
- Depolarisation of the T-tubule membrane is ‘signalled’ to the membrane of the terminal cisternae
Which 2 intracellular compartments is calcium recycled between?
- Sarcoplasmic reticulum
- Cytoplasm
Name and explain the junctional foot proteins
- Dihydropyridine receptor protein (DHPR): L-type voltage-gated calcium channel in the T-tubule membrane
- Ryanodine receptor protein (RYR): calcium release channel in the SR
Explain the coupling system of the junctional foot proteins
- Membrane depolarization opens the L-type Ca2+ channel (DHPR) causing a conformational change
- Mechanical coupling between DHPR and RYR causes the RYR channel to open
- Ca2+ exits the SR via the RYR and activates troponin C leading to muscle contraction
What is the change in calcium concentration during contraction?
from <10-7 to >10-5
What can be used to block dihydropyridines?
Voltage-gated Ca2+ channel blocking drugs such as Nifedipine
What is malignant hyperthermia?
- Pharmacogenetic disorder of skeletal muscle
- Severe reaction to commonly used anaesthetics and depolarising muscle relaxants
- First manifestations of MH occur in the operating room
- Fatal if untreated
Symptoms of malignant hyperthermia
- Muscle rigidity
- High fever
- Increased acid levels in blood and other tissues
- Rapid heart rate
What is the underlying mechanism of malignant hyperthermia?
Point mutations in the gene coding for Ryanodine receptor type 1 channels
What does SERCA stand for
Sarcoplasmic Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase
Role of Ca2+ ATPase
- The increase in intracellular calcium concentration activates a Ca2+ ATPase (calcium pump) in the SR membrane
- Active transport of calcium from the cytoplasm into the SR (2 Ca2+ ions per molecule of ATP hydrolysed)
- Ca2+ concentration decreases to <10-7M
Role of calsequestrin
- Stores calcium at high concentrations in the terminal cisternae to establish a concentration gradient from the SR to the cytoplasm
- Binds 43 Ca2+ ions per molecule
Role of calsequestrin
- Stores calcium at high concentrations in the terminal cisternae to establish a concentration gradient from the SR to the cytoplasm
- Binds 43 Ca2+ ions per molecule
What are pacemaker cells?
- Specialised muscle cells
- Unstable resting potential
- Undergo automatic rhythmical depolarisation
What effects do the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system have on cardiac muscle?
- Parasympathetic - slows the rate
- Sympathetic - increases rate and strength
What neurotransmitters are involved in each pathway that affects cardiac muscle?
- Parasympathetic - acetyl choline
- Sympathetic - nor-adrenaline
What is the difference in the action potential between cardiac and skeletal muscle?
Cardiac action potential lasts a lot longer and the contraction response occurs during the action potential.
What is Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release in cardiac muscle?
- 25% of the required Ca2+ enters through the L-type Ca2+ channels (DHPR) in the transverse tubular membrane
- This triggers release of Ca2+ via the Ca2+ sensitive (ryanodine) channels in the SR
Where does the calcium come from in cardiac muscle contraction?
- 25% enters through the DHPR L-type calcium channel to induce CICR
- 75% through the calcium sensitive calcium release RYR protein in the SR
Are the DHPR calcium channel and RYR channel coupled in cardiac muscle?
No
What is used for calcium storage to reduce the size of the concentration gradient between the SR and the cytoplasm?
Calsequestrin