Anatomy Flashcards
Upper limb overview as a result of evolution
- Has almost no locomotor function
- Has a great degree of freedom of movement
- Used as a locomotor prop
- Is an organ for grasping and manipulating
Overview of the lower limb
- Supports the body weight
- Involved mainly in locomotion
- The bones are more robust
- Joints are more stable
What happens during week 4 of development?
Specialised cells migrate from the somites and the lateral plate mesoderm. Limb buds form where the arms and legs will develop.
Name the 3 muscle types
Smooth, cardiac and skeletal
Define origin
The proximal end of the muscle, which remains fixed during muscular contraction
Define insertion
Distal end of the muscle, which is movable
Simple explanation of muscle contraction
When muscles contract and shorten, they usually shorten in the direction of insertion to origin however some muscles can shorten in both directions.
Isometric contraction
Muscle tone changes
Isotonic contraction
Muscle length changes
Concentric contraction
Muscle contracts according to the sliding filament mechanism and shortens
Eccentric contaction
the muscle elongates while under tension due to an opposing force greater than the muscle generates - protect from injury
Prime mover
Muscle(s) that play the primary role in movement
Agonist
Muscle(s) that acts directly to produce a desired movement
Synergist muscles
Muscle(s) which prevent unwanted movements associated with the action of the prime movers
Antagonistic muscles
Muscle(s) which directly oppose a movement
Fixating muscles
Muscle(s) that provide the necessary support to assist in holding the rest of the body in place while the movement occurs
What is fascia?
Connective tissue - two types: deep and superficial
Superficial fascia
- Just beneath the skin
- Contains adipose tissue
- 2 layers
Deep (investing) fascia
- Ensheath muscles but continuous
- Facilitate contraction
- Barrier between muscles
- Compartments of muscles
- Passages for nerves and vessels
- Attachment for muscles
- Hold tendons in place (by forming retinaculae)
Compartment syndrome
An injury to the muscle within a tough compartment may cause swelling and increased pressure that compresses the neurovascular bundles
Compartments of the arm
Anterior (flexor) and posterior (extensor)
Compartments of the forearm
Antebrachial fascia separates anterior (flexor) and posterior (extensor) compartments
Why is the deep fascia of the lower limb thicker
Because we need the muscles to compress the veins during contraction for the venous blood to return to the heart
Name for deep fascia of the thigh
Fascia lata
Compartments of the thigh
Anterior (extensor), medial (adductor) and posterior (flexor)
What does fascia lata become when it reaches the leg?
Crural fascia
What bone does the crural fascia fuse with
Tibia
Compartments of the leg
Anterior (extensor), 2 posterior (superficial and deep flexor) and lateral (peroneal)
Define dermatome
An area of skin supplied by 1 spinal nerve
Define myotome
the skeletal muscle or group of skeletal muscles supplied by 1 spinal nerve
What is the original position of the limbs
Both the thumb and hallux are on the cranial side of each limb and both the palm and sole face anteriorly
Rotation of the upper limb
Rotates laterally from its in-utero position.
- Thumb moves from superior to lateral
- flexor muscle groups move to an anterior position
- extensors move to a posterior position
Rotation of the lower limb
Rotates medially
- hallux moves from superior to medial
- flexor muscle groups move from an anterior to a posterior position
- extensors move to an anterior position
What plexus supplies the upper limb
Brachial plexus
What plexus supplies the lower limb?
Lumbo-sacral plexus
Main upper limb arterial supply
Subclavian artery
Main lower limb arterial supply
External iliac artery
Where are superficial veins found?
Superficial fascia
What are the two main superficial veins of the upper limb?
Cephalic and basilic
Direction of venous flow
Superficial to deep via perforators
What are the 2 main superficial veins of the lower limb?
Great saphenous vein and small saphenous vein
What features of the lower limb help venous return to the heart, against gravity?
- Muscle pump
- Arterial pulsation
- Negative intrathoracic pressure
- Valves in veins
Where does lymph drain to in the upper limb?
Axillary lymph nodes
Where does lymph drain to in the lower limb?
Inguinal lymph nodes
What roots are involved in lateral rotation of the upper limb?
C5
What roots are involved in medial rotation of the upper limb?
C6, C7 and C8
Which roots are involved in abduction of the upper limb?
C5
Which roots are involved in adduction of the upper limb?
C6, C7 and C8
Which roots are involved in extension of the arm at the shoulder joint?
C6, C7 and C8
Which roots are involved in flexion of the arm at the shoulder joint?
C5
Which roots are involved in flexion of the forearm at the elbow joint?
C5 and C6
Which roots are involved in extension of the forearm at the elbow joint?
C6 and C7
Which roots are involved in flexion of the wrist?
C6 and C7
Which roots are involved in extension of the wrist?
C6 and C7
Which roots are involved in pronation of the upper limb?
C7 and C8
Which roots are involved in supination of the upper limb?
C6
Which roots are involved in digital flexion in the upper limb?
C7 and C8
Which roots are involved in digital extension in the upper limb?
C7 abd C8
Which roots are involved in lateral and medial abduction of the 3rd digit of the upper limb?
T1
Which roots are involved in abduction and adduction of digits 2-5?
T1
Which roots are involved in lateral external rotation of the hip?
L5 and S1
Which roots are involved in medial internal rotation of the hip?
L1, L2 and L3
Which roots are involved in abduction of the hip?
L5 and S1
Which roots are involved in adduction of the hip?
L1, L2, L3 and L4
Which roots are involved in inversion?
L4 and L5
Which roots are involved in eversion?
L5 and S1
Which roots are involved in dorsiflexion of the digits?
L5 and S1
Which roots are involved in plantarflexion of the digits?
S1 and S2
Which roots are involved in extension of the hip?
L4 and L5
Which roots are involved in flexion of the hip?
L2 and L3
Which roots are involved in flexion of the knee?
L5 and S1
Which roots are involved in extension of the knee?
L3 and L4
Which roots are involved in ankle dorsiflexion?
L4 and L5
Which roots are involved in ankle plantarflexion?
S1 and S2
How many bones in the upper limb?
32
Features of the clavicle
- S-shaped
- Smooth superior surface
- Rough inferior surface
- Round proximal end
- Flat distal end
What bone does the clavicle articulate with?
The manubrium
What does the clavicle attach to at the distal end
Scapula
Joint between acromion and clavicle
acromioclavicular joint
Ligaments joining scapula and clavicle
- Acromioclavicular ligament
- Coracoclavicular ligament (trapezoid ligament and conoid ligament)
Name the 3 angles of the scapula
Superior, inferior and lateral
Name the 3 fossae of the scapula
Supraspinous, infraspinous and subscapular
Name the 3 borders of the scapula
Medial, lateral and superior
How many glenohumeral ligaments are there
3 - superior, middle and inferior
Ligaments in glenohumeral joint
Coraco-acromial ligament, coraco-humeral ligament and transverse humeral ligament
Ligaments in glenohumeral joint
Coraco-acromial ligament, coraco-humeral ligament and transverse humeral ligament
What are the group of muscles at the glenohumeral joint?
Rotator Cuff muscles
Name the bursae in the glenohumeral joint
- Subacromial (subdeltoid)
- Subscapular
- Subcoracoid
- Coracobrachial
Which nerve is damaged during a surgical neck fracture?
Axillary nerve
Which nerve is damaged during a mid shaft fracture?
Radial nerve
Which nerve is damaged during a supracondylar fracture?
Median nerve
What is collies’ fracture?
Distal radius fracture with upwards displacement. Very common
What is collies’ fracture?
Distal radius fracture with upwards displacement. Very common
How many phalanges in the hand?
14
How many metacarpals?
5
How many carpals?
8
How many carpals?
8
Name the proximal carpal bones
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrium, pisiform
Name the distal carpal bones
Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
What forms the roof of the carpal tunnel?
Flexor retinaculum
What type of joint is the 1st carpal-metacarpal joint?
Saddle joint
What type of joint are the metacarpal-phalangeal joints?
Condylar joints
Define abduction of the digits
Moving away from the middle finger
Define adduction of the digits
Moving towards the middle finger
What does the sublclavian artery become when it passes the lateral border of the first rib?
Axillary artery
Name the two branches of the subclavian artery
Dorsal scapular and suprascapular
What does the axillary artery become at teres major
Brachial artery
Name the branch in the first part of the axillary artery
Superior thoracic artery
Name the branches in the second part of the axillary artery
- Thoraco-acromial artery
- Lateral thoracic artery
Name the branches in the third part of the axillary artery
- Subscapular artery
- Anterior circumflex humeral artery
- Posterior circumflex humeral artery
Explain the scapular anastamosis
Dorsal scapular artery and suprascapular artery form an anastamosis with the circumflex scapular branch of subscapular artery
Name the 3 branches of the brachial artery
- Profunda brachii
- Superior ulnar collateral
- Inferior ulnar collateral
Radial and ulnar arteries - similarities and differences
- variable bifurcation
- ulnar is larger and deeper than radial
- both have recurrent branches
- radial, anterior in forearm, moves dorsally at the wrist, posterior in hand
- ulnar remains anterior into the hand
Interosseous Arteries
- Ulnar gives a branch called the common interosseous
- this then becomes anterior and posterior interosseous
Where do the radial and ulnar arteries pass the carpal tunnel?
- Neither go through the carpal tunnel
- Radial passes posteriorly to the carpal bones
- Ulnar passes anterior (superficially) to the flexor retinaculum in a space called Guyon’s canal
Allen’s Test
Compress both main arteries limiting blood flow to the hand causing it to turn white. Then release one artery and see if colour returns to the hand showing that blood is flowing through that artery. Repeat the test but release the other artery to check for good blood flow from both arteries. Indicates good colateral flow in the hand.
Carpal branches
- Radial and ulnar both have palmar and dorsal carpal branches
- Both contribute to dorsal and palmar arches
Scaphoid Fractures
- Blood supply of scaphoid is from distal end to proximal
- Fractures can cut off this supply which can result in avascular necrosis
- Scaphoid fractures are very common
Superficial Arteries of the Hand
- Ulnar enters hand and gives off the deep branch
- Continues as superficial branch creating the superficial palmar arch
- Meets the superficial palmar branch of radial
- The arch gives off 3 common palmar digital arteries
- Each divides into two proper palmar digital arteries
Deep arteries of the hand
- Radial artery passes posteriorly on the scaphoid and trapezium
- It re-enters the palmar surface through the 1st dorsal interosseous muscles
- Forms deep palmar arch - anastomosing with deep branch of ulnar
- Deep palmar arch gives palmar metacarpal arteries that anastomose with common palmar arteries
How do most deep veins present?
Deep veins mainly follow arterial supply as venae comitantes.
What name is given to the network superficial of veins in the hand?
Dorsal venous network (arch)
What superficial vein runs along the medial aspect of the upper limb?
Basilic vein
What superficial vein runs along the lateral aspect of the upper limb?
Cephalic vein
Which muscles does the cephalic vein run between?
Deltoid and pectoralis major
What vein does the basilic vein join half way up the arm?
Brachial vein
Which vein does the cephalic vein join just below the clavicle?
Axillary vein
What other system follows veins superficially and both veins and arteries when deep?
Lymphatics
Which lymph nodes do lymphatics running along side the basilic vein drain into?
Lateral lymph nodes
Which lymph nodes to lymphatics running along side the cephalic vein drain into?
Apical lymph nodes
What lymph nodes do deep lymphatics of the upper limb drain into?
Lateral lymph nodes
What is the pattern through the brachial plexus?
Roots, trunks, division, cords, branches (nerves)
What bone does the brachial plexus run under?
Clavicle
What are the roots of the brachial plexus?
C5, C6, C7, C8, T1
Which roots form the superior trunk?
C5 and C6
Which roots form the middle trunk?
C7
Which roots form the inferior trunk?
C8 and T1
What type of divisions does each trunk have?
A posterior and anterior
Which divisions form the lateral cord?
Anterior division of superior trunk and anterior division of middle trunk
Which divisions form the posterior cord?
The posterior division of all 3 trunks
Which divisions form the medial cord?
Just the anterior division of the inferior trunk
What artery passes through the brachial plexus at the cords?
Axillary artery
What are the 5 main branches of the brachial plexus?
Musculocutaneous, Axillary, Median, Radial, Ulnar
Motor and sensory actions of musculocutaneous nerve
- Arm: anterior compartment muscles
- Lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm
Motor and sensory actions of the axillary nerve
- Deltoid and teres minor
- Skin of supra-lateral arm
Motor and sensory actions of the median nerve
- Forearm: anterior compartment muscles, hand: thenar muscles
- 1/2 skin of palm
Motor and sensory actions of the radial nerve
- Arm and forearm: posterior compartment muscles
- Forearm: posterolateral skin, hand: dorsal skin
Motor and sensory actions of the ulnar nerve
- Forearm: 1 1/2 muscles, hand: small muscles
- 1/2 skin of hand
Motor and sensory actions of the ulnar nerve
- Forearm: 1 1/2 muscles, hand: small muscles
- 1/2 skin of hand
Explain Erb’s palsy
- upper brachial plexus injury
- Damages roots C5 and C6
- Results in waiters tip
Explain Klumpkey’s palsy
- Lower brachial plexus injury
- Damages roots C8 and T1
- Results in Claw hand
What is the pectoral girdle?
An incomplete ring of bone comprising of the scapula and clavicle
What are the 4 muscles in the anterior chest region?
- Subclavius: moves clavicle, nerve to subclavius
- Pectoralis major: moves humerus, medial and lateral pectoral nerves
- Pectoralis minor: moves scapula, medial pectoral nerve
- Serratus anterior: moves scapula, long thoracic nerve
Features of pectoralis major
- 2 heads, 1 attaches to medial 1/3 of clavicle, the other attaches to upper 6 ribs
- inserts onto lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus
- Adducts and medially rotates the glenohumeral joint
- Clavicular head can aid in shoulder flexion
- In flexed position, the sternocostal head can aid in extension
Features of pectoralis minor
- Stabilises/depresses the scapula
- Origin: Usually 3 of ribs 2 to 5
- Insertion: coracoid process