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Year 1 Semester 2 > Life events, stress and coping > Flashcards

Life events, stress and coping Flashcards

1
Q

What are life events?

A

Major happenings that can occur in a person’s life that require some degree of psychological treatment

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2
Q

What are some examples of life event stressors related to an individual?

A
  • Illness
  • Conflict (including internal conflict)
  • Personal relationships
  • Lacking control
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3
Q

What are some examples of life event stressors related to family?

A
  • Divorce
  • Marriage
  • Illness
  • Disability
  • Death
  • Addition to family
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4
Q

What are some examples of life event stressors related to society?

A

Job, environment:

  • Deadlines
  • Workload
  • Responsibility
  • Relationships
  • Physical environment
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5
Q

What systems/aspects of the human body are impacted by stressors?

A
  • Physiological system
  • Psychological aspect
  • Social aspect
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6
Q

Describe the social re-adjustment rating scale (SRRS)

A
  • Developed to measure life events - based on adjustment required for various life events
  • List of events rated on a scale of 0-100
  • Scoring: adults indicate which life events have occurred to them in the past 12 months
  • Values of all experienced life events added resulting in total stress score
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7
Q

What are the strengths of the social re-adjustment rating scale?

A
  • Wide range of events that most people find stressful
  • Values assigned to the listed life events based on broad sample of adults
  • Easy, quick to complete
  • Useful tool for assessment of stress and illness
  • Positive correlation between life events and illness
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8
Q

What are the limitations to the social re-adjustment rating scale?

A
  • Items vague/ambiguous
  • Failure to consider impact of event for individual
  • Failure to distinguish between desirable and undesirable
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9
Q

Apart from the social re-adjustment rating scale, what are some life events scales?

A
  • The life experiences survey (LES)
  • The PERI life-events scale
  • The unpleasant events scale (UES)
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10
Q

What are some physiological measures to assess stress?

A
  • Physiological arousal

- Biochemical markers in blood/urine

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11
Q

What are some limitations of physiological measures of stress?

A
  • Measure itself may induce stress
  • Influenced by other than stress variables
  • Expensive, labour intensive, time consuming
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12
Q

Explain stress as a stimulus

A
  • Focus on the environment
  • Events or circumstances is the cause of stress
  • Events or circumstances are known as stressors
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13
Q

Explain stress as a response

A
  • Focus on individual’s reaction to stressors
  • Psychological response
  • Physiological response
  • Responses are known as strain
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14
Q

Explain stress as a transaction

A
  • Focus on stress as a process
  • Relationship between the person and environment
  • Continuous interactions and adjustments
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15
Q

Define stress

A

The perceived discrepancy between demands of the situation and the resources of the person that they appraise in a stressful situation

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16
Q

What are the two types of cognitive appraisal?

A

Primary and secondary

17
Q

Describe primary appraisal

A

After receiving a stimulus, primary appraisal is making the decision as to whether the stimulus is dangerous or not

18
Q

Describe secondary appraisal

A

If the stimulus has been found to be dangerous then secondary appraisal is deciding how to cope with the stimulus

19
Q

What are the two physiological models of stress?

A
  • Fight or flight response - acute/short term

- General adaptation syndrome - chronic/long term

20
Q

Describe the fight or flight response

A
  • Homeostasis threatened/disrupted
  • Response to acute/short lived stress
  • External threats elicit fight or flight response
  • Increased physiological arousal
  • Enable fight or flight response and restore homeostasis but prolonged state of high arousal harmful to health
21
Q

What are the stages of the general adaptation syndrome response to stress?

A
  • Stressor
  • Alarm - mobilisation to fend of threat/stressor
  • Resistance - continued fight against stressor (vulnerability to health problems)
  • Exhaustion - depletion of resources, ability to resist may collapse (immune system weakened; abnormal heart rhythms
22
Q

What are some short-term stress responses?

A
  • Increased heart rate
  • Increased blood pressure
  • Increased metabolic rate
  • Changes in blood flow
  • Dilation of bronchioles
23
Q

Where do the short-term responses to stress come from?

A

Medulla

24
Q

Where do the long-term stress responses come from?

A

Cortex

25
Q

What are some long-term stress responses?

A
  • Retention of sodium & water by kidneys
  • Increased blood volume and pressure
  • Proteins and fats converted to glucose/broken down for energy
  • Increased blood sugar
  • Decreased immune system
26
Q

Define coping

A

The process by which people manage the perceived discrepancy between demands of the situation and the resources of the person that they appraise in a stressful situation

27
Q

What are features of a trait?

A
  • Personality
  • Style
  • Consistency
28
Q

What are features of a state?

A
  • Response to time and situation
  • Process or strategy
  • Different ways of coping
29
Q

What are the two types of coping?

A
  • Problem focused - reduce demands of situation or expand resources to deal with it
  • Emotion focused - control emotional response to situation
30
Q

Name some coping strategies

A
  • Planning (PF)
  • Active (PF)
  • Seeking social support (PF/EF)
  • Distancing (EF)
  • Escape-avoidance (EF)
  • Denial (EF)
  • Distraction (EF)
  • Self control (EF)
  • Substance use (EF)
  • Accepting responsibility (EF)
  • Positive reappraisal (PF/EF)
31
Q

What are some examples of coping with illness?

A
  • Normalising - interpret symptom as normal experience
  • Denial - denies existence of symptom
  • Resignation - become consumed by illness
  • Accommodation - acknowledges, deals with problem
31
Q

What are some examples of coping with illness?

A
  • Normalising - interpret symptom as normal experience
  • Denial - denies existence of symptom
  • Resignation - become consumed by illness
  • Accommodation - acknowledges, deals with problem
32
Q

What are some coping resources?

A
  • Money
  • Health
  • Sense of control
  • Personality
  • Beliefs and attitudes
  • Become informed
  • Exercise
  • Social support
33
Q

What are some questionnaires/rating scales used to assess coping?

A
  • Ways of coping checklist

- COPE

34
Q

What types of information can be given to aid coping?

A
  • Procedural information
  • Sensation information
  • Behavioural instruction

Year 1 Semester 2 (26 decks)

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