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MAE Blocks > Muscle, Bone, Cartilage > Flashcards

Muscle, Bone, Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of muscle cell containing glycogen and myoglobin

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2
Q

Sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane of muscle cell

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3
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell

Regulates Ca+ flow

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4
Q

Where do muscle cells originate from?

A

Mesoderm (from myoblasts)

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5
Q

Which muscle tissues are striated?

A

Skeletal and cardiac

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6
Q

Where do myoepithelial cells originate from?

A

Ectoderm

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7
Q

What type of muscle has intercalated discs?

A

Cardiac

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8
Q

Where is the nucleus located in skeletal muscle?

A

Multiple peripherally (HYPOLEMMAL) located nuclei

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9
Q

How does skeletal muscle contract?

A

Fast and voluntary

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10
Q

How can myofilaments be seen?

A

Only through EM

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11
Q

What parts of the sarcomere get smaller during contraction?

A

I band and H zone

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12
Q

Where are actin filaments anchored?

A

Z lines

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13
Q

Sarcomere

A

contractile, functional unit of myocyte

Z line to Z line

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14
Q

A band

A

Actin and myosin, dark band

where thick and thin filaments overlap

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15
Q

I band

A

Actin (thin filaments) only, pale

Gets smaller during contraction

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16
Q

What proteins hold the position of actin and myosin?

A

Desmin, Tropomyosin, Troponin

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17
Q

Sliding filament model

A
  1. Sarcomere shortens
  2. Myofilament length constant
  3. I band shortens
  4. Actin filaments slide past myosin
  5. Produces contraction
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18
Q

Terminal cisterna

A

expanded ends of sarcoplasmic reticulum

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19
Q

Transverse T tubule

A

invagination of sarcolemma, anastomosing network of tubules

Allows DEPOL and release of Ca+ from SR

Only in skeletal and cardiac muscle

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20
Q

What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Store and release Ca+ to initiate contraction

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21
Q

Type 1 muscle fiber

A

RED fibers (rich in myoglobin)

Slow twitch, Fatigue resistant

Aerobic metabolism, lots of mitochondria

High fat, low glycogen

Ex: postural muscles

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22
Q

Type 2 muscle fiber

A

White muscle

FAST TWITCH, prone to fatigue

Anaerobic

Low fat, high glycogen

Can be 2A or 2B

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23
Q

Type 2A vs 2B

A

2A: Oxidative- glycolytic, slow fatigue

2B: Fast contracting, fast fatigued, GLYCOLYTIC only

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24
Q

Where is the nucleus located in cardiac muscle?

A

Single cell centrally located

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25
Lipofuscin
wear and tear pigment
26
Intercalated discs
in cardiac muscle gap junctions + desmosomes helps to function as a syncytium
27
Gap junctions in cardiac muscle
Longitudinal element Function for communication, propagates electrical impulse
28
Desmosomes in cardiac muscle
Transverse element Functions as an anchor, strong attachment
29
What are the 2 types of cardiomyocytes?
1. Contractile 2. Conductile (purkinje fibers)
30
Purkinje fibers
Modified cardiac muscle fiber in subendothelial tissue Conducts impulses through the heart Arranged in groups, myofibrils are sparse, has 1 or 2 nuclei
31
Where are dense bodies located?
Smooth muscle
32
Where is the nucleus located in smooth muscle?
a SINGLE centrally located nucleus
33
Smooth muscle cells
Spindle (fusiform) shaped, surrounded by basal lamina + retic fibers Parasympathetic + sympathetic innervation
34
Single unit smooth muscle
Found in visceral organs - Behaves like syncytium, contracts together Cells communicate with gap junctions
35
Multi unit smooth muscle
Found in iris - Precise contraction - Individual innervation of each myocyte - NO gap junctions
36
Functions of smooth muscle
1. Peristalsis (wave like contraction, GI tract) 2. Vascular dynamics (alters blood flow + BP) 3. Propulsion (bladder, uterus) 4. Secretion
37
Tunica muscularis
1. Inner circular 2. Outer longitudinal
38
Dense bodies
in smooth muscle - Like Z dics - helps muscle contract up to 80%
39
Satellite cells
Does not differentiate, remains as stem cells - between basal lamina + sarcolemma - some mitotic potential/ repair if basal lamina is intact
40
Epimysium
dense, irregular CT surrounding entire muscle
41
Perimysium
surrounds each fascicle
42
Fasicle
bundle of muscle cells (Myofibers/Myocytes) that make up the muscle
43
Endomysium
Reticular fibers that surround each muscle fiber (myofiber/myocyte)
44
Myofiber
muscle cell containing bundles of myofibrils - peripheral nuclei, multinucleated
45
Myofibrils
Contains bundles of myofilaments (actin + myosin)
46
Tropomyosin
regulatory protein
47
Myofilaments
Actin and myosin, creates light and dark bands
48
H zone
Myosin only Gets smaller during contraction
49
Myofibroblasts
From MESODERM - wound contraction
50
Types of bones
1. Trabecular bone 2. Cortical bone
51
Trabecular bone
- cancellous or spongy bone - Large surface area, bone marrow
52
Cortical bone
Compact bone, most dense
53
Wooven bone
soft, immature, more cellular - disorganized collagen, weak, forms new bone QUICKLY Location: fracture repair, inflammation, neoplasia
54
Mature lammellar bone
Hard, mature, forms SLOWLY - parallel collagen layers (lamellae) - organized in OSTEONS (Haversian systems) Location: Trabecular + Cortical bone
55
Osteons
Function unit of lamellar bone Located in circles around central canal + interstitial bone Haversian canal in the center
56
India Ink
stain for canaliculi + lacunae
57
Volkmans canal
connects Haversian (central) canals
58
Types of cells in bone
1. Osteoblasts 2. Osteocytes 3. Bone lining cells 4. Osteoclasts
59
Osteoblasts
derived from OSTEOPROGENITOR cells rounded, secretes type 1 collagen - produces osteoid (organic) + initiates mineralization turns into osteocyte
60
Osteocytes
derived from OSTEOPROGENITOR cells INSIDE THE BONE, thinner, most abundant long filipods to increase area regulates Ca+ and ions between bone fluid + ECF under PARATHYROID HORMONE
61
Osteoclasts
MONOCYTIC origin, MULTINUCLEATED - Stimulated by parathyroid hormone - BONE RESORPTION - Resides in Howships Lacunae Acid hydrolases, extracellular digestion, Ca+ homeostasis
62
Bone lining cells
derived from OSTEOPROGENITOR cells INACTIVE osteoblasts! Flat, elongated
63
True or false: The physis (growth plate) can be seen in adults
FALSE. only in young
64
Parathyroid hormone
bone resorption Ex: Osteocytes, Osteoclasts
65
what hormones inhibit bone resorption?
1. Calcitonin 2. Estrogen
66
Which hormones stimulate bone resorption?
1. Glucocorticoids 2. Dihydroxyvitamin D3
67
Intramembranous Ossification
Increased WIDTH of bone, ADULT - From mesenchymal tissue in periosteum NO CARTILAGE NEEDED FIRST
68
Endochondral Ossification
Increased LENGTH of bone, YOUNG - From hyaline cartilage in PHYSES (growth plate @ ends) - Physes matures, dies, and mineralizes - Hyaline cartilage PRECEEDS and is scaffold to form bone
69
Inorganic component of an osteoid
Hydroxyapatite- needle like crystals, minerals
70
Osteoid organic component
90% type 1 collagen 1. Osteonectin (mineralization) 2. Osteocalcin (Vit K dependent + mineralization) 3. Proteoglycans (more abundant in cartilage) 4. Growth factors (BMPs, IGFs, TGFs, FGFs)

MAE Blocks (4 decks)

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