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MAE Blocks > Muscle, Bone, Cartilage > Flashcards

Muscle, Bone, Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of muscle cell containing glycogen and myoglobin

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2
Q

Sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane of muscle cell

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3
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell

Regulates Ca+ flow

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4
Q

Where do muscle cells originate from?

A

Mesoderm (from myoblasts)

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5
Q

Which muscle tissues are striated?

A

Skeletal and cardiac

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6
Q

Where do myoepithelial cells originate from?

A

Ectoderm

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7
Q

What type of muscle has intercalated discs?

A

Cardiac

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8
Q

Where is the nucleus located in skeletal muscle?

A

Multiple peripherally (HYPOLEMMAL) located nuclei

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9
Q

How does skeletal muscle contract?

A

Fast and voluntary

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10
Q

How can myofilaments be seen?

A

Only through EM

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11
Q

What parts of the sarcomere get smaller during contraction?

A

I band and H zone

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12
Q

Where are actin filaments anchored?

A

Z lines

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13
Q

Sarcomere

A

contractile, functional unit of myocyte

Z line to Z line

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14
Q

A band

A

Actin and myosin, dark band

where thick and thin filaments overlap

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15
Q

I band

A

Actin (thin filaments) only, pale

Gets smaller during contraction

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16
Q

What proteins hold the position of actin and myosin?

A

Desmin, Tropomyosin, Troponin

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17
Q

Sliding filament model

A
  1. Sarcomere shortens
  2. Myofilament length constant
  3. I band shortens
  4. Actin filaments slide past myosin
  5. Produces contraction
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18
Q

Terminal cisterna

A

expanded ends of sarcoplasmic reticulum

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19
Q

Transverse T tubule

A

invagination of sarcolemma, anastomosing network of tubules

Allows DEPOL and release of Ca+ from SR

Only in skeletal and cardiac muscle

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20
Q

What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Store and release Ca+ to initiate contraction

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21
Q

Type 1 muscle fiber

A

RED fibers (rich in myoglobin)

Slow twitch, Fatigue resistant

Aerobic metabolism, lots of mitochondria

High fat, low glycogen

Ex: postural muscles

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22
Q

Type 2 muscle fiber

A

White muscle

FAST TWITCH, prone to fatigue

Anaerobic

Low fat, high glycogen

Can be 2A or 2B

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23
Q

Type 2A vs 2B

A

2A: Oxidative- glycolytic, slow fatigue

2B: Fast contracting, fast fatigued, GLYCOLYTIC only

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24
Q

Where is the nucleus located in cardiac muscle?

A

Single cell centrally located

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25
Q

Lipofuscin

A

wear and tear pigment

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26
Q

Intercalated discs

A

in cardiac muscle

gap junctions + desmosomes

helps to function as a syncytium

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27
Q

Gap junctions in cardiac muscle

A

Longitudinal element

Function for communication, propagates electrical impulse

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28
Q

Desmosomes in cardiac muscle

A

Transverse element

Functions as an anchor, strong attachment

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29
Q

What are the 2 types of cardiomyocytes?

A
  1. Contractile
  2. Conductile (purkinje fibers)
30
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

Modified cardiac muscle fiber in subendothelial tissue

Conducts impulses through the heart

Arranged in groups, myofibrils are sparse, has 1 or 2 nuclei

31
Q

Where are dense bodies located?

A

Smooth muscle

32
Q

Where is the nucleus located in smooth muscle?

A

a SINGLE centrally located nucleus

33
Q

Smooth muscle cells

A

Spindle (fusiform) shaped, surrounded by basal lamina + retic fibers

Parasympathetic + sympathetic innervation

34
Q

Single unit smooth muscle

A

Found in visceral organs

  • Behaves like syncytium, contracts together

Cells communicate with gap junctions

35
Q

Multi unit smooth muscle

A

Found in iris

  • Precise contraction
  • Individual innervation of each myocyte
  • NO gap junctions
36
Q

Functions of smooth muscle

A
  1. Peristalsis
    (wave like contraction, GI tract)
  2. Vascular dynamics
    (alters blood flow + BP)
  3. Propulsion (bladder, uterus)
  4. Secretion
37
Q

Tunica muscularis

A
  1. Inner circular
  2. Outer longitudinal
38
Q

Dense bodies

A

in smooth muscle

  • Like Z dics
  • helps muscle contract up to 80%
39
Q

Satellite cells

A

Does not differentiate, remains as stem cells

  • between basal lamina + sarcolemma
  • some mitotic potential/ repair if basal lamina is intact
40
Q

Epimysium

A

dense, irregular CT surrounding entire muscle

41
Q

Perimysium

A

surrounds each fascicle

42
Q

Fasicle

A

bundle of muscle cells (Myofibers/Myocytes) that make up the muscle

43
Q

Endomysium

A

Reticular fibers that surround each muscle fiber (myofiber/myocyte)

44
Q

Myofiber

A

muscle cell containing bundles of myofibrils

  • peripheral nuclei, multinucleated
45
Q

Myofibrils

A

Contains bundles of myofilaments (actin + myosin)

46
Q

Tropomyosin

A

regulatory protein

47
Q

Myofilaments

A

Actin and myosin, creates light and dark bands

48
Q

H zone

A

Myosin only

Gets smaller during contraction

49
Q

Myofibroblasts

A

From MESODERM

  • wound contraction
50
Q

Types of bones

A
  1. Trabecular bone
  2. Cortical bone
51
Q

Trabecular bone

A
  • cancellous or spongy bone
  • Large surface area, bone marrow
52
Q

Cortical bone

A

Compact bone, most dense

53
Q

Wooven bone

A

soft, immature, more cellular

  • disorganized collagen, weak, forms new bone QUICKLY

Location: fracture repair, inflammation, neoplasia

54
Q

Mature lammellar bone

A

Hard, mature, forms SLOWLY

  • parallel collagen layers (lamellae)
  • organized in OSTEONS (Haversian systems)

Location: Trabecular + Cortical bone

55
Q

Osteons

A

Function unit of lamellar bone

Located in circles around central canal + interstitial bone

Haversian canal in the center

56
Q

India Ink

A

stain for canaliculi + lacunae

57
Q

Volkmans canal

A

connects Haversian (central) canals

58
Q

Types of cells in bone

A
  1. Osteoblasts
  2. Osteocytes
  3. Bone lining cells
  4. Osteoclasts
59
Q

Osteoblasts

A

derived from OSTEOPROGENITOR cells

rounded, secretes type 1 collagen

  • produces osteoid (organic) + initiates mineralization

turns into osteocyte

60
Q

Osteocytes

A

derived from OSTEOPROGENITOR cells

INSIDE THE BONE, thinner, most abundant

long filipods to increase area

regulates Ca+ and ions between bone fluid + ECF under PARATHYROID HORMONE

61
Q

Osteoclasts

A

MONOCYTIC origin, MULTINUCLEATED

  • Stimulated by parathyroid hormone
  • BONE RESORPTION
  • Resides in Howships Lacunae

Acid hydrolases, extracellular digestion, Ca+ homeostasis

62
Q

Bone lining cells

A

derived from OSTEOPROGENITOR cells

INACTIVE osteoblasts!

Flat, elongated

63
Q

True or false: The physis (growth plate) can be seen in adults

A

FALSE. only in young

64
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

bone resorption

Ex: Osteocytes, Osteoclasts

65
Q

what hormones inhibit bone resorption?

A
  1. Calcitonin
  2. Estrogen
66
Q

Which hormones stimulate bone resorption?

A
  1. Glucocorticoids
  2. Dihydroxyvitamin D3
67
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

Increased WIDTH of bone, ADULT

  • From mesenchymal tissue in periosteum

NO CARTILAGE NEEDED FIRST

68
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

Increased LENGTH of bone, YOUNG

  • From hyaline cartilage in PHYSES (growth plate @ ends)
  • Physes matures, dies, and mineralizes
  • Hyaline cartilage PRECEEDS and is scaffold to form bone
69
Q

Inorganic component of an osteoid

A

Hydroxyapatite- needle like crystals, minerals

70
Q

Osteoid organic component

A

90% type 1 collagen

  1. Osteonectin (mineralization)
  2. Osteocalcin
    (Vit K dependent + mineralization)
  3. Proteoglycans
    (more abundant in cartilage)
  4. Growth factors
    (BMPs, IGFs, TGFs, FGFs)

MAE Blocks (4 decks)

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