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ISSA flashcardlet > Muscle Anatomy and physiology > Flashcards

Muscle Anatomy and physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Musculoskeletal System

A

Body system consisting of the bones, joints, connective tissue and muscles.

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2
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Bones consisting of the skull, spine, and sternum.

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3
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Bones consisting of the upper and lower extremeties, including the pelvic and shoulder girdles.

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4
Q

Musculotendinous

A

Of, relating to, or affecting muscular and tendinous tissue.

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5
Q

Joint

A

Point where two bones connect.

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6
Q

Synovial Fluid

A

A fluid that lubricates the smooth cartilage in joints.

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7
Q

Collagen

A

Fibrous protein that forms tough connective tissue.

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8
Q

Feedback Loop

A

Section of a control system that serves as a regulatory mechanism; return input as some of the output.

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9
Q

Elastin

A

Elastic fibrous protein found in connective tissue.

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10
Q

Cartilage

A

A firm, elastic, flexible, white material fund at the ends of the ribs, between vertibrae (discs), at two joint surfaces, and in the nose and ears.

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11
Q

Ballistic Movement

A

High impact, rapid, jerking movements.

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12
Q

Aterior

A

In front or in the front part

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13
Q

Anteroinferior

A

In front and below.

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14
Q

Anterolateral

A

In front and to the side, especially to the outside.

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15
Q

Anteromedial

A

In front and toward the inner side or midline.

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16
Q

Caudal

A

Below in relation to another structure; inferior.

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17
Q

Cephalic

A

Above in relation to another structure; higher, superior.

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18
Q

Contralateral

A

Pertaining to or relating to the opposite side.

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19
Q

Deep

A

Beneath or below the surface; used to describe relative depthor location of muscles or tissue.

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20
Q

Distal

A

Situated away from the center ot midline of the body, or away from the point of origin,

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21
Q

Dorsal

A

Relating to the back; posterior.

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22
Q

Inferior (Infra)

A

Below in relation to another structure; caudal.

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23
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the sasme side.

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24
Q

Lateral

A

On or to the side; outside, farther from the median or midsagittal plane.

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25
**_Medial_**
Relating to the middle or center; nearer to the medial or midsagittal plane.
26
**_Posterior_**
Behind, in back, or in the rear.
27
**_Posteroinferior_**
Behind and below; in back and below.
28
**_Posterolateral_**
Behind and to one side, specifically to the outside.
29
**_Posteromedial_**
Behind and to the inner side.
30
**_Posterosuperior_**
Behind and at the upper part.
31
**_Prone_**
The body lying face downward; stomach lying.
32
**_Proximal_**
Nearest to the trunk or point of origin.
33
**_Superficial_**
Near the surface; used to describe relative depth in relation of muscles or tissue.
34
**_Superior_**
(Supra) above in relation to another structure; higher, cephalic.
35
**_Supine_**
Lying on the back; face upward position of the body.
36
**_Ventral_**
Relating to the belly or abdomen.
37
**_Volar_**
Relation to the palm of the hand or sole of the foot.
38
**_Origin_**
The proximal attachment; generally considered as the least moveable part that attaches closest to the midline or center of the body.
39
**_Insertion_**
The distal attachment; generally considered the most moveable part or the part that attaches farthest from the midline or the center of the body.
40
**_Involuntary Muscle Tissue_****_s_**
Receive nerve fibers from the autonomic nervous system and cannot be voluntarily controlled, except in a few rare cases. (e.g., the heart)
41
**_Muscle Spindles_**
Special sense organs that measure the strain in the muscle and can be used to pre-set the tension of muscles.
42
**_Myofibrils_**
Tiny fibrils that make up a single muscle fiber.
43
**_Sarcoplasm_**
Jelly-like intracellular fluid found in the muscle fiber.
44
**_Sliding Filament Therory_**
Theory stating that a myofibril contracts by the actin and myosin filaments sliding over each other.
45
**_Isometric_**
A contraction in which the muscle develops tension but does not shorten.
46
**_Isotonic_**
A contraction in whicg the muscle shortens but retains constant tension.
47
**_Concentric_**
A contraction in which a muscle shortens and overcomes a resistance.
48
**_Eccentric_**
A contraction in which a muscle lengthens and is overcome by a resistance.
49
**_Lactic Acid_**
A byproduct of glucose and glycogen metabolism (glycosis) in anaerobic muscle energetics.
50
**_Fast-twitch_**
Muscle fiber type that restores quickly and is used most in intensive, short-duration exercises.
51
**_Slow-twitch_**
A mnuscle fiber characterized by its slow speed of contraction and a high capacity for aerobic glycosis.
52
**_Type I_** **_(slow-twitch)_**
A slow-twitch muscle fiber that generates ATP predominantly through the aerobic system of energy transfer.
53
**_Type IIa_** | (fast-twitch)
A fast-twitch fiber subdivision characterized by a characterized by a fast shortening speed and well-developed capacity for energy transfer from aerobic and anaerobic sources.
54
**_Type IIb._** **_(fast-twitch)_**
A fast-twitch fiber subdivision characterized by the most rapid shortening velocity and greatest anaerobic potential.
55
**_Type IIc._** | (fast-twitch)
A fast-twitch mnuscle fiber that results from the 'fusion' of **TypeIIb** with surrounding satellite cells.
56
**_Size Principle of Fiber Recruitment_**
Principle stating that motor units are recruited in order according to their recruitment thresholds and firing rates.
57
**_All-or-None Reaction_**
Concept stating that a unit is either completely relaxed or fully contracted; it is never partially contracted.
58
**_Stretch Reflex_**
A built-in protective fuction of the neuromuscular system in the muscle spindle.
59
**_Proprioceptor_**
Specialized sensory receptors located in tendons and muscles sensitive to stretch, tension, and pressure.
60
**_Anatomy_**
The science of the structure of the human body.
61
**_Physiology_**
The science concerne with the normal vital processes of animal and vegetable organisms.
62
**_ATP_**
Adenosine tri Phospate; an energy-storing compound found in cells, which release energy when needed by the body.
63
**_CP_**
Creatine Phosphate; a high-energy phosphate molecule that is stored in cells and can be used to immediately resynthesize ATP.
64
**_Creatine_**
Organic acid generally found in the muscle as phosphocreatine (creatine phosphate) that supplies energy for muscle contraction.
65
**_Hypertrophy_**
An increase in the cross-sectional size of a muscle in response to strength training.
66
**_Capillarization_**
An increase in size and number of tiny blood vessels surrounding cells.
67
**_Hyperplasia_**
An increase in number of cells in a tissue ot organ, whereby bulk of the part or organ may be increased.
68

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