Muscle Anatomy and physiology Flashcards
Musculoskeletal System
Body system consisting of the bones, joints, connective tissue and muscles.
Axial Skeleton
Bones consisting of the skull, spine, and sternum.
Appendicular Skeleton
Bones consisting of the upper and lower extremeties, including the pelvic and shoulder girdles.
Musculotendinous
Of, relating to, or affecting muscular and tendinous tissue.
Joint
Point where two bones connect.
Synovial Fluid
A fluid that lubricates the smooth cartilage in joints.
Collagen
Fibrous protein that forms tough connective tissue.
Feedback Loop
Section of a control system that serves as a regulatory mechanism; return input as some of the output.
Elastin
Elastic fibrous protein found in connective tissue.
Cartilage
A firm, elastic, flexible, white material fund at the ends of the ribs, between vertibrae (discs), at two joint surfaces, and in the nose and ears.
Ballistic Movement
High impact, rapid, jerking movements.
Aterior
In front or in the front part
Anteroinferior
In front and below.
Anterolateral
In front and to the side, especially to the outside.
Anteromedial
In front and toward the inner side or midline.
Caudal
Below in relation to another structure; inferior.
Cephalic
Above in relation to another structure; higher, superior.
Contralateral
Pertaining to or relating to the opposite side.
Deep
Beneath or below the surface; used to describe relative depthor location of muscles or tissue.
Distal
Situated away from the center ot midline of the body, or away from the point of origin,
Dorsal
Relating to the back; posterior.
Inferior (Infra)
Below in relation to another structure; caudal.
Ipsilateral
On the sasme side.
Lateral
On or to the side; outside, farther from the median or midsagittal plane.
Medial
Relating to the middle or center; nearer to the medial or midsagittal plane.
Posterior
Behind, in back, or in the rear.
Posteroinferior
Behind and below; in back and below.
Posterolateral
Behind and to one side, specifically to the outside.
Posteromedial
Behind and to the inner side.
Posterosuperior
Behind and at the upper part.
Prone
The body lying face downward; stomach lying.
Proximal
Nearest to the trunk or point of origin.
Superficial
Near the surface; used to describe relative depth in relation of muscles or tissue.
Superior
(Supra) above in relation to another structure; higher, cephalic.
Supine
Lying on the back; face upward position of the body.
Ventral
Relating to the belly or abdomen.
Volar
Relation to the palm of the hand or sole of the foot.
Origin
The proximal attachment; generally considered as the least moveable part that attaches closest to the midline or center of the body.
Insertion
The distal attachment; generally considered the most moveable part or the part that attaches farthest from the midline or the center of the body.
Involuntary Muscle Tissues
Receive nerve fibers from the autonomic nervous system and cannot be voluntarily controlled, except in a few rare cases. (e.g., the heart)
Muscle Spindles
Special sense organs that measure the strain in the muscle and can be used to pre-set the tension of muscles.
Myofibrils
Tiny fibrils that make up a single muscle fiber.
Sarcoplasm
Jelly-like intracellular fluid found in the muscle fiber.
Sliding Filament Therory
Theory stating that a myofibril contracts by the actin and myosin filaments sliding over each other.
Isometric
A contraction in which the muscle develops tension but does not shorten.
Isotonic
A contraction in whicg the muscle shortens but retains constant tension.
Concentric
A contraction in which a muscle shortens and overcomes a resistance.
Eccentric
A contraction in which a muscle lengthens and is overcome by a resistance.
Lactic Acid
A byproduct of glucose and glycogen metabolism (glycosis) in anaerobic muscle energetics.
Fast-twitch
Muscle fiber type that restores quickly and is used most in intensive, short-duration exercises.
Slow-twitch
A mnuscle fiber characterized by its slow speed of contraction and a high capacity for aerobic glycosis.
Type I
(slow-twitch)
A slow-twitch muscle fiber that generates ATP predominantly through the aerobic system of energy transfer.
Type IIa
(fast-twitch)
A fast-twitch fiber subdivision characterized by a characterized by a fast shortening speed and well-developed capacity for energy transfer from aerobic and anaerobic sources.
Type IIb.
(fast-twitch)
A fast-twitch fiber subdivision characterized by the most rapid shortening velocity and greatest anaerobic potential.
Type IIc.
(fast-twitch)
A fast-twitch mnuscle fiber that results from the ‘fusion’ of TypeIIb with surrounding satellite cells.
Size Principle of Fiber Recruitment
Principle stating that motor units are recruited in order according to their recruitment thresholds and firing rates.
All-or-None Reaction
Concept stating that a unit is either completely relaxed or fully contracted; it is never partially contracted.
Stretch Reflex
A built-in protective fuction of the neuromuscular system in the muscle spindle.
Proprioceptor
Specialized sensory receptors located in tendons and muscles sensitive to stretch, tension, and pressure.
Anatomy
The science of the structure of the human body.
Physiology
The science concerne with the normal vital processes of animal and vegetable organisms.
ATP
Adenosine tri Phospate; an energy-storing compound found in cells, which release energy when needed by the body.
CP
Creatine Phosphate; a high-energy phosphate molecule that is stored in cells and can be used to immediately resynthesize ATP.
Creatine
Organic acid generally found in the muscle as phosphocreatine (creatine phosphate) that supplies energy for muscle contraction.
Hypertrophy
An increase in the cross-sectional size of a muscle in response to strength training.
Capillarization
An increase in size and number of tiny blood vessels surrounding cells.
Hyperplasia
An increase in number of cells in a tissue ot organ, whereby bulk of the part or organ may be increased.
