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ISSA flashcardlet > basic anatomy and physiology > Flashcards

basic anatomy and physiology Flashcards

0
Q

Fatty acids

A

Any of a large group of mono basic acids, especially those found in animal and vegetable fats and oils.

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1
Q

Tissue

A

A collection of similar cells an their intercellular substances.

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2
Q

Triglyceride

A

The storage form of fat made up of three fatty acids and a glycerol group.

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3
Q

Insulin

A

A polypeptide hormone functioning in the regulation if the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats, especially the conversion of glucose to glycogen, which lowers the blood glucose level.

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4
Q

Glucose

A

Principal circulating sugar in the blood and the major energy source of the body.

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5
Q

Cellular components

A

Plasma membrane, Nucleus, Ribosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER), Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, Mitochondria

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6
Q

Glycogen granule

A

Structure of the cell that stores glycogen and enzymes for glycogen breakdown, and synthesis.

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7
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Chemical process that converts lactate and pyruvate back into glucose.

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8
Q

Glycolysis

A

The metabolic process that creates energy from the splitting of glucose to form pyruvic acid or lactic acid and ATP.

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9
Q

Four groups of tissues

A

Epilithial tissue, Connective tissue, Muscle tissue, and Nervous tissue.

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10
Q

Squamous Epithelium

A

Epithelium consisting of one or more cell layers, the most superficial of which is composed of flat, scalelike or platelike cells.

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11
Q

Cuboidal Epithelium

Epithelial tissue

A

Epithelial tissue consisting of one or more cell layers, the most superficial of which is composed of cube-shaped or somewhat prismatic cells.

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12
Q

Columnar Epilethium

Epithelial Tissues

A

Epithelium consisting of one or more cell layers, the most superficial of which is composed of elongated and somewhat cylindrical cells projected toward the surface.

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13
Q

Glandular

Epithelial Tissue

A

Of, relating to, affecting, or resembling a gland or it’s secretion.

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14
Q

Three types of fibers

Connective tissues

A

Collagen fibers, Reticular fibers, Elastic fibers.

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15
Q

Tendons

Connective tissue

A

Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

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16
Q

Ligaments

Connective tissue

A

Connective tissue that connects bone to bone or borne to cartilage.

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17
Q

Integumentary system

A

Body system consisting of the skin and it’s associated structures, such as the hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.

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18
Q

Skeletal system

A

Consisting of bone and cartilage that supports and protects the body.

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19
Q

Muscular system

A

System consisting of large skeletal muscles that allow us to move, cardiac muscle in the heart, and smooth muscle of the internal organs.

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20
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Subsystem of the circulatory system, which protects the body against disease.

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21
Q

Urinary system

A

Main excretory system of the body, which consists of the kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder and urethra.

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22
Q

Reproductive system

A

System consisting of gonads, associated ducts, and and extern genitals concerned with the sexual reproduction.

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23
Q

Respiratory system

A

System consisting of the lungs and air passageways, which supplies the body and removes carbon dioxide.

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24
Q

Hemoglobin

A

An oxygen transporting protein found in blood cells.

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25
Q

Vital capacity

A

The usable portion of the lungs

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26
Q

Maximum minute volume

A

The amount of air that a person can process during one minute of vigorous exercise.

27
Q

Residual volume

A

The remainder of the am

28
Q

Circulatory system

A

System consisting of the heart and blood vessels that serves as the transportation system.

29
Q

Plasma

A

The fluid portion of blood.

30
Q

Erythrocyte

A

Blood cell that contains hemoglobin to carry oxygen tot the bodily tissues; a biconcave disc that has no nucleus. -red blood cells

31
Q

Leukocyte

A

Cell whose primary function is to combat infections. -white blood cell

32
Q

Platelet

A

Cytoplasmic body found in the blood plasma that functions to promote blood clotting.

33
Q

Alveoli

A

Capillary-rich air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.

34
Q

Law of gaseous diffusion

A

Principle that states that a gas will move across a semipermeable membrane (alveolar, capillary, etc.) from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.

35
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

Pressure exerted on the walls of the blood vessels during the refilling of the heart.

36
Q

Metabolism

A

All of the chemical processes that take place in the body that are necessary for the maintenance of life.

37
Q

Anaerobic

A

Occurring without the use if oxygen.

38
Q

Aerobic

A

Occurring with the use of oxygen, or requiring oxygen.

39
Q

Resting heart rate

A

The number of times the heart beats in one minute: 72 beats per minute for the average adult.

40
Q

Maximum heart rate

A

The highest rate at which an individual is capable: 220 minus trainees age is equivalent to the maximum heart rate.

41
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

An automatic system that speeds up most activities in the body.

42
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Two glands that release hormones that help the body to cope with stress.

43
Q

Stroke volume

A

The volume of blood pumped by one ventricle during one contraction.

44
Q

Left ventricle ejection fraction

A

The percentage of blood inside the left ventricle pushed out into the body after contraction.

45
Q

Maximum VO2 uptake

A

The maximum usua l

46
Q

Digestive system

A

System consisting of the digestive tract and glands that secrete digestive juices into the digestive tract. Responsible for the breakdown of foods and waste elimination.

47
Q

Digestion

A

The process of mechanical or chemical breakdown of food into belt able substances.

48
Q

Macronutrients

A

A category of nutrients - including carbohydrates, proteins, and fats - that are present in large amounts.

49
Q

Fructose

A

Fruit sugar

50
Q

Lipogenisis

A

The formation of fat.

51
Q

Nervous system

A

System comprised of brain, spinal chord, sense organs, And nerves. Regulates other systems.

52
Q

Nerve impulse

A

A brief reversal of the membrane potential that sweeps along the membrane of a neuron.

53
Q

Central nervous system

CNS

A

System comprised of the brain and spinal column.

54
Q

Peripheral nervous system

PNS

A

Relays messages from the CNS to the body (the efferent system), and relays messages to the CNS (the afferent system) from the body.

55
Q

Efferent system

A

System designed to cause action; consists of the somatic and automatic systems.

56
Q

Somatic system

A

System responsible for voluntary action

57
Q

Autonomic system

A

System that processes and activates involuntary action.

58
Q

Afferent system

A

The part of the PNS that sends messages to the CNS.

59
Q

Contraction

A

The shortening of a muscle or increase in tension

60
Q

Endocrine system

A

System consisting of the glands and tissues that release hormones. It works with the nervous system in regulating metabolic activities.

61
Q

Glucagon

A

A hormone produced by the pancreas that stimulates an increase in blood sugar levels, thus opposing the action of insulin.

62
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Process describing the cleavage of glucose from the glycogen molecule.

63
Q

Growth hormone

HGH or hGH

A

A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that affects skeletal growth rate and bodily weight gain.

64
Q

Epinephrine

A

A hormone produced by the adrenal gland that causes the “flight of fight” response.

65
Q

Cortisol

A

A corticosteroid that causes a breakdown of a protein in muscles.

66
Q

Ketosis

A

An abnormal increase of ketone bodies in the body; usually the result of a low-carbohydrate diet, fasting or starvation.

ISSA flashcardlet (3 decks)

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