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ISSA flashcardlet > basic anatomy and physiology > Flashcards

basic anatomy and physiology Flashcards

0
Q

Fatty acids

A

Any of a large group of mono basic acids, especially those found in animal and vegetable fats and oils.

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1
Q

Tissue

A

A collection of similar cells an their intercellular substances.

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2
Q

Triglyceride

A

The storage form of fat made up of three fatty acids and a glycerol group.

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3
Q

Insulin

A

A polypeptide hormone functioning in the regulation if the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats, especially the conversion of glucose to glycogen, which lowers the blood glucose level.

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4
Q

Glucose

A

Principal circulating sugar in the blood and the major energy source of the body.

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5
Q

Cellular components

A

Plasma membrane, Nucleus, Ribosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER), Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, Mitochondria

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6
Q

Glycogen granule

A

Structure of the cell that stores glycogen and enzymes for glycogen breakdown, and synthesis.

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7
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Chemical process that converts lactate and pyruvate back into glucose.

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8
Q

Glycolysis

A

The metabolic process that creates energy from the splitting of glucose to form pyruvic acid or lactic acid and ATP.

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9
Q

Four groups of tissues

A

Epilithial tissue, Connective tissue, Muscle tissue, and Nervous tissue.

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10
Q

Squamous Epithelium

A

Epithelium consisting of one or more cell layers, the most superficial of which is composed of flat, scalelike or platelike cells.

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11
Q

Cuboidal Epithelium

Epithelial tissue

A

Epithelial tissue consisting of one or more cell layers, the most superficial of which is composed of cube-shaped or somewhat prismatic cells.

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12
Q

Columnar Epilethium

Epithelial Tissues

A

Epithelium consisting of one or more cell layers, the most superficial of which is composed of elongated and somewhat cylindrical cells projected toward the surface.

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13
Q

Glandular

Epithelial Tissue

A

Of, relating to, affecting, or resembling a gland or it’s secretion.

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14
Q

Three types of fibers

Connective tissues

A

Collagen fibers, Reticular fibers, Elastic fibers.

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15
Q

Tendons

Connective tissue

A

Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

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16
Q

Ligaments

Connective tissue

A

Connective tissue that connects bone to bone or borne to cartilage.

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17
Q

Integumentary system

A

Body system consisting of the skin and it’s associated structures, such as the hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.

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18
Q

Skeletal system

A

Consisting of bone and cartilage that supports and protects the body.

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19
Q

Muscular system

A

System consisting of large skeletal muscles that allow us to move, cardiac muscle in the heart, and smooth muscle of the internal organs.

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20
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Subsystem of the circulatory system, which protects the body against disease.

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21
Q

Urinary system

A

Main excretory system of the body, which consists of the kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder and urethra.

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22
Q

Reproductive system

A

System consisting of gonads, associated ducts, and and extern genitals concerned with the sexual reproduction.

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23
Q

Respiratory system

A

System consisting of the lungs and air passageways, which supplies the body and removes carbon dioxide.

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24
Hemoglobin
An oxygen transporting protein found in blood cells.
25
Vital capacity
The usable portion of the lungs
26
Maximum minute volume
The amount of air that a person can process during one minute of vigorous exercise.
27
Residual volume
The remainder of the am
28
Circulatory system
System consisting of the heart and blood vessels that serves as the transportation system.
29
Plasma
The fluid portion of blood.
30
Erythrocyte
Blood cell that contains hemoglobin to carry oxygen tot the bodily tissues; a biconcave disc that has no nucleus. -red blood cells
31
Leukocyte
Cell whose primary function is to combat infections. -white blood cell
32
Platelet
Cytoplasmic body found in the blood plasma that functions to promote blood clotting.
33
Alveoli
Capillary-rich air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
34
Law of gaseous diffusion
Principle that states that a gas will move across a semipermeable membrane (alveolar, capillary, etc.) from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.
35
Diastolic pressure
Pressure exerted on the walls of the blood vessels during the refilling of the heart.
36
Metabolism
All of the chemical processes that take place in the body that are necessary for the maintenance of life.
37
Anaerobic
Occurring without the use if oxygen.
38
Aerobic
Occurring with the use of oxygen, or requiring oxygen.
39
Resting heart rate
The number of times the heart beats in one minute: 72 beats per minute for the average adult.
40
Maximum heart rate
The highest rate at which an individual is capable: 220 minus trainees age is equivalent to the maximum heart rate.
41
Sympathetic nervous system
An automatic system that speeds up most activities in the body.
42
Adrenal glands
Two glands that release hormones that help the body to cope with stress.
43
Stroke volume
The volume of blood pumped by one ventricle during one contraction.
44
Left ventricle ejection fraction
The percentage of blood inside the left ventricle pushed out into the body after contraction.
45
Maximum VO2 uptake
The maximum usua l
46
Digestive system
System consisting of the digestive tract and glands that secrete digestive juices into the digestive tract. Responsible for the breakdown of foods and waste elimination.
47
Digestion
The process of mechanical or chemical breakdown of food into belt able substances.
48
Macronutrients
A category of nutrients - including carbohydrates, proteins, and fats - that are present in large amounts.
49
Fructose
Fruit sugar
50
Lipogenisis
The formation of fat.
51
Nervous system
System comprised of brain, spinal chord, sense organs, And nerves. Regulates other systems.
52
Nerve impulse
A brief reversal of the membrane potential that sweeps along the membrane of a neuron.
53
Central nervous system | CNS
System comprised of the brain and spinal column.
54
Peripheral nervous system | PNS
Relays messages from the CNS to the body (the efferent system), and relays messages to the CNS (the afferent system) from the body.
55
Efferent system
System designed to cause action; consists of the somatic and automatic systems.
56
Somatic system
System responsible for voluntary action
57
Autonomic system
System that processes and activates involuntary action.
58
Afferent system
The part of the PNS that sends messages to the CNS.
59
Contraction
The shortening of a muscle or increase in tension
60
Endocrine system
System consisting of the glands and tissues that release hormones. It works with the nervous system in regulating metabolic activities.
61
Glucagon
A hormone produced by the pancreas that stimulates an increase in blood sugar levels, thus opposing the action of insulin.
62
Glycogenolysis
Process describing the cleavage of glucose from the glycogen molecule.
63
Growth hormone | HGH or hGH
A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that affects skeletal growth rate and bodily weight gain.
64
Epinephrine
A hormone produced by the adrenal gland that causes the "flight of fight" response.
65
Cortisol
A corticosteroid that causes a breakdown of a protein in muscles.
66
Ketosis
An abnormal increase of ketone bodies in the body; usually the result of a low-carbohydrate diet, fasting or starvation.

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