Muscle Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

Musculoskeletal System

Answer 1

Body system that consists of the bones, joints, connective tissue, and muscles.

Question 2

Axial Skeleton

Answer 2

Bones consisting of the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum

Question 3

Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 3

Bones consisting of the upper and lower extremities, including the pelvic and shoulder girdles

Question 4

Musculotendinous

Answer 4

Of relating to, or affecting muscular and tendinous tissue

Question 5

Joint

Answer 5

Point where two bones connect

Question 6

Synovial Fluid

Answer 6

A fluid that lubricates the smooth cartilage in joints

Question 7

Collagen

Answer 7

Fiberous protein that forms tough connective tissue

Question 8

Feedback loop

Answer 8

Section of a control system that serves as a regulatory mechanism; return input as some of the output

Question 9

Elastin

Answer 9

Elastic fibrous protein found in connective tissue

Question 10

Cartilage

Answer 10

A firm, elastic, flexible, white material found at the ends of ribs between vertebrae (discs), at joint surfaces, and in the nose and ears

Question 11

Ballistic movements

Answer 11

High impact, rapid, jerking movements

Question 12

Origin

Answer 12

The proximal attachment; generally considered the least moveable part or the part that attaches closet to the midline or center of the body.

Question 13

Insertion

Answer 13

The distal attachment; generally considered the least moveable part or the part that attaches farthest from the midline or center of the body.

Question 14

Myofilaments

Answer 14

The elements of the muscle that actually shorten upon contraction; made up mainly of two types of protein: actin and myosin

Question 15

Myosin

Answer 15

Short, thick contractile filaments

Question 16

Actin

Answer 16

Long, thin contractile filaments

Question 17

Voluntary muscle tissues

Answer 17

Receives nerve fibers from the somatic nervous system and can be voluntarily controlled. (e.g. skeletal muscles)

Question 18

Involuntary muscle tissues

Answer 18

Receive nerve fibers from the autonomic nervous system and cannot be voluntarily controlled, except in a few rare cases. (e.g. heart)

Question 19

Muscle spindles

Answer 19

Special sense organs that measure the strain in the muscle and can be used to pre-set the tension of muscles.

Question 20

Myofibrils

Answer 20

Tiny fibrils that make up a single muscle fiber.

Question 21

Sarcoplasm

Answer 21

Jelly like intracellular fluid found in the muscle fiber.

Question 22

Sliding filament theory

Answer 22

Theory stating that a myofibril contacts by the actin and myosin filaments sliding over each other.

Question 23

Isometric

Answer 23

A contraction in which the muscle develops tension but does not shorten

Question 24

Isotonic

Answer 24

A contraction in which the muscle shortens but retains constant tension.

Question 25

Concentric

Answer 25

A contraction in whcih a muscle shortens and overcomes a resistance

Question 26

Eccentric

Answer 26

A contraction in which a muscle lengthens and is overcome by a resistance.

Question 27

Latic acid

Answer 27

A byproduct of glucose and glycogen metabolism (glycolysis) in anaerobic muscle energetics.

Question 28

Fast twitch

Answer 28

Muscle fiber type that contracts quickly and is used most in intensive, short-duration exercises.

Question 29

Slow twitch

Answer 29

A muscle fiber characterized by its slow speed of contraction and a high capacity for aerobic glycolysis

Question 30

Type I

Answer 30

A slow twitch muscle fiber that generates ATP predominantly through the aerobic system of energy transfer

Question 31

Type IIa

Answer 31

A fiber-twitch fiber subdivision characterized by a fast shortening speed and well-developed capacity for energy transfer from aerobic and anaerobic sources.

Question 32

Type IIb

Answer 32

A fast twitch fiber subdivision characterized by the most rapid shortening velocity and greatest anaerobic potential

Question 33

Type IIc

Answer 33

A fast twitch fiber that results from the “fusion” of Type IIb with surrounding satellite cells.

Question 34

Size Principle of Fiber Recruitment

Answer 34

Principle stating that motor units are recruited in order according to their recruitment thresholds and firing rates

Question 35

All or none reaction

Answer 35

Concept stating that a unit is either completely relaxed or fully

Question 36

Stretch reflex

Answer 36

A built in protection function of the neuromuscular system in the muscle spindle.

Question 37

proprioceptor

Answer 37

Specialized sensory receptors located in tendons and muscles sensitive to stretch, tension, and pressure.

Question 38

Anatomy

Answer 38

The science of the structure of the human body.

Question 39

Physiology

Answer 39

The science concerned with the normal vital processes of animal and vegetable organisms.

Question 40

ATP

Answer 40

Adenosine triphosphate; an energy-storing compound found in cells, which release energy when needed by the body.

Question 41

CP

Answer 41

Creatine Phosphate; a high-energy phosphate molecule that is stored in cells and can be used to immediately resynthesize ATP.

Question 42

Creatine

Answer 42

Organic acid generally found in the muscle ad phosphocreatine (creatine phosphate) that supplies energy for muscle contraction.

Question 43

Hyperplasia

Answer 43

An increase in the cross sectional size of a muscle in response to strength training.

Question 44

Capillarization

Answer 44

An increase in size and number of tiny blood vessels surrounding cells.