Muscle Anatomy

Question 1

Cardiac : explain this muscle….

Answer 1

Pumps blood (oxygenated) around the body via arteries

Question 2

Skeletal : explain this muscle…

Answer 2

Locomotion can happen through m contraction through the decrease in angle of joints and maintaining joint angles against the pull of gravity during support.
The respiratory muscles contract to change the volume of air (in/out) lungs.

Question 3

Skeletal m. is arranged in _____ surrounded by fibrous connective tissue. The connective tissue between individual muscle fibres is called _____ the sheath surrounding the muscle bundles is called_____ and the connective tissue surrounding the entire muscle is called ______

Answer 3

Bundles
Endosysium
Perimysium
Epimysium

Question 4

Functions of the muscular system:

Smooth

Answer 4

Contraction. Propel food (gi tract)

Walls of eyes, adjust diameter of the pupil and thickness of the lens for optional vision. Blood vessels

Question 5

Define isometric contraction:

Answer 5

Contraction muscles without joint mobilisation - uncommon in the horse

This would be maintaining an outline (neck muscles)

Question 6

Concentric contraction - explain

Answer 6

Concentric is where contraction is accompanied by shortening of the muscle, therefore a reduced distance by origin and insertion.
With the extensor muscles it results in opening of joint angles eg during the propulsion phase of the stride.

Question 7

Isometric

Answer 7

Isometric contraction is where the muscle does not shorten (without joint mobilisation) fairly uncommon in equine sport, but is the result of stabilising say the neck (outline) or pelvic flexion.

Question 8

Eccentric contraction

Answer 8

Eccentric contraction where muscles contract while undergoing lengthening. Or distancing the origin and insertion - it allows the horse to break and limits closure in the joint angles during the loading phase

Question 9

In biomechanics does what J F and E stand for?

Answer 9

J= fulcrum (joint)
f = effort
e - extremity

Question 10

If muscle appears to arise directly from bone, it’s said to have a ____ ____ but in reality, the muscle ______ are just very _____ attaching to the ______

Answer 10

Fleshy attachment
Fibres
Short
Periosteum

Question 11

What muscle are prime movers?

Answer 11

Agonists - muscles directly responsible for movement

Question 12

_____ are those muscles which oppose of the prime movers, having the exact _____ reaction.

Answer 12

Antagonist. Opposite.

Question 13

______ are those that oppose any undesired action of the ___.

Answer 13

Synergists agonist.