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Exercise Physiology > Muscle 2-respiratory and everything in between > Flashcards

Muscle 2-respiratory and everything in between Flashcards

1
Q

isometric contraction

A

no shortening, muscle tension increased but does not exceed load

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2
Q

isotonic contraction

A

muscle shortens because muscle tension exceeds load

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3
Q

Motor unit

A

Consists of the motor neuron and all muscle fibres (four to several hundred) it supplies

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4
Q

Muscle twitch

A

Simplest contraction resulting from a muscle fiver’s response to a single action potential from motor neuron`

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5
Q

Latent period

A

events of excitation-contraction coupling

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6
Q

Period of contraction

A

cross bridge formation, tension increases

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7
Q

Period of relaxation

A

Ca2+ re entry into SR, tension declines to zero

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8
Q

Concentric contractions

A

muscle shortens and does work EX: bicep contracts to pick up a book

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9
Q

Eccentric contractions

A

muscle lengthens and generates force EX: when laying a book down causes biceps to lengthen while generating a force

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10
Q

Three mechanisms that ATP is regenerated by

A
  • direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate (CP)
  • Anaerobic pathway: glycolysis and lactate formation
  • Aerobic respiration
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11
Q

Creatine Phosphate

A

is a unique molecule located in muscle fibres that donates a phosphate to ADP to instantly form ATP

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12
Q

Slow oxidative characteristics

A
  • Speed of contraction is low,
  • Myosin ATPase activity is slow,
  • Primary pathway for ATP is aerobic,
  • Myoglobin content is high,
  • Fiber diametre is small
  • Many Mitochondria
  • Many capillaries
  • Color is red
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13
Q

Fast oxidative characteristics

A

-Speed of contraction is fast
-myosin ATPase activity is fast
-Primary pathway for ATP is aerobic
-Myoglobin content is high
-Glycogen stores is intermediate
-Fiber diametre is large
-Many mitochondria
-many capillaries
Color is red to pink

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14
Q

Fast glycolysis characteristics

A
  • speed of contraction is fast
  • Myosin ATPase activity is fast
  • Primary pathway for ATP synthesis anaerobic glycolysis
  • Myoglobin content is low
  • Glycogen content is high
  • fiber diametre is intermediate
  • few mitochondria
  • few capillaries
  • color is white
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15
Q

Describe primary differences between skeletal and cardiac muscles

A
  • Structure
  • Gap junctions
  • Contracts as unit
  • T tubules
  • Sarcoplasmic reticulum
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16
Q

Skeletal muscle characteristics

A
  • structure is long striated, cylindrical, multinucleate
  • no gap junctions
  • no contraction as a unit
  • T tubules are abundant
  • sarcoplasmic reticulum is elaborate
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17
Q

Cardiac muscle

A
  • structure is long striated, branched, one or two nuclei per cell
  • there is a gap junction between cells
  • There is a contraction as a unit
  • T tubules are wider and there are less of them
  • sarcoplasmic reticulum is less elaborate
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18
Q

Bohr effect

A

downright shift of the O2 dissociation curve. as a consequence of decreased Ph increased body temp and O2 this downright shift of association curve will increase oxygen to working muscles which can be described as an increase in arteriole venus oxidation difference

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19
Q

Hamburger effect

A

also called chloride shift, is a process which occurs in the cardiovascular system and refers to the exchange of bicarbonate (HCO3) and chloride (CI) across red blood cell membranes

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20
Q

Four factors that muscle contraction is affected by

A
  1. Number of muscle fibers stimulated (recruitment)
  2. Relative size of fibers
  3. Frequency of stimulation
  4. degree of muscle stretch
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21
Q

Force velocity relationship

A

linear but negative relation between force and velocity, there is an inverted U relationship between resistance and power, peak power output corresponds to force and velocity

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22
Q

VO2 max

A

the maximum rate that oxygen can be taken up from the ambient air and transported to and used by cells for cellular respiration during physical activity

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23
Q

Functions of the blood

A
  • Transport
  • Regulation
  • Protection
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24
Q

Transport

A

Delivering O2

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25
Q

Regulation

A

maintaining body temperature

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26
Q

Protection

A

Preventing blood loss

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27
Q

Erythrocytes

A

RBC’s, small diameter(7.5 um) cells that contribute to gas transport; have a biconcave disc shape; filled with hemoglobin for gas transport

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28
Q

Leukocytes

A

WBC’s

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29
Q

Blood plasma

A

about 90% water,

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30
Q

Causes of hypoxia

A
  • decreased RBC numbers due t hemorrhage or increased destruction
  • Insufficient hemoglobin per RBC(ex: iron deficiency)
  • Reduced availability of O2(ex: high altitudes or lung problems)
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31
Q

Spectrin

A

is a protein that will flexibility to RBC’s

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32
Q

Right atrium

A

receives blood returning from systemic circuit

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33
Q

Left atrium

A

Receives blood returning from pulmonary circuit

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34
Q

Right ventricle

A

pumps blood through pulmonary circuit

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35
Q

Left ventricle

A

Pumps blood through systemic circuit

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36
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

located between atria and ventricles

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37
Q

Semilunar valves

A

located between ventricles and major arteries

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38
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

(right AV valve): lies between right atria and ventricle

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39
Q

Mitral valve

A

(left AV valve, bicuspid valve): lies between left atria and ventricle

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40
Q

Pulmonary semilunar valve

A

located between

right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

41
Q

Aortic semilunar valve

A

located between left ventricle and aorta

42
Q

Coronary blood supply

A

functional blood supply to the heart muscle itself; shortest circulation in the body

43
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

one central nucleus (at most 2); contains large mitochondria (25-35% of cell volume) that afford resistance to fatigue; in comparison, mitochondria represent 2% of skeletal muscle

44
Q

Intercalated discs

A

are connecting junctions between cardiac cells that contain

45
Q

Similarities between cardiac and skeletal muscle

A

contraction is preceded by depolarizing action potential; depolarization wave travels down T tubules; causes sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) to contract

46
Q

Systemic circuit

A

Goes throughout the body, long high pressure circulation, receives oxygenated blood from left ventricle, blood gets pumped to tissues, then pumps deoxygenated blood into the right atrium

47
Q

Pulmonary circultion

A

short low pressure that only pumps to the lungs to get rid of CO2, receives deoxygenated blood from right ventricle, pumps oxygenated blood into left atrium

48
Q

Receiving chambers of the heart

A

right atrium and left atrium

49
Q

pumping chambers of the heart

A

right ventricle and left ventricle

50
Q

Atria

A

three veins empty into right atrium: superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus

51
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

SA node, pacemaker in right atrial wall, about 75x/minute (sinus rhythm)

52
Q

Atrioventricular node

A

AV node, delays impulses approximately 0.1 second- because fibers are smaller in diameter, have fewer gap junctions; inherent rate of 50x/minute in absence of SA node input

53
Q

AV bundle

A

only electrical connection between atria and ventricles-right and left bundle
Right and left bundle branches: carry impulses toward apex of heart

54
Q

Systole

A

period of heart contraction

55
Q

Diastole

A

heart relaxation

56
Q

End diastolic volume

A

volume of blood in each ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole

57
Q

End systolic volume

A

volume of blood remaining in each ventricle after systole

58
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

blood flow through heart during one complete heartbeat

59
Q

Why do we care about VO2 max?

A

Because it’s a good indicator of your cardiovascular health, the higher the Vo2 max the higher the ATP and longevity

60
Q

Cardiac output equation

A

Heart rate (HR) x stroke volume

61
Q

Cardiac output

A

amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in 1 minute

62
Q

Three factors of heart rate

A

autonomic nervous system, chemicals, other factors

63
Q

Branches of autonomic nervous system

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

64
Q

Parasympathetic

A

conserves energy as it slows the heart rate

65
Q

Sympathetic

A

regulates the bodys unconscious actions

66
Q

How can we improve Venus return

A

By doing physical activity

67
Q

Stroke Volume influencers

A

preload, contractility, Afterload

68
Q

Preload

A

degree to which cardiac muscle cells are stretched just before they contract, most important part of pre load is venous return

69
Q

Venous return

A

amount of blood returning to the heart

70
Q

Contractility

A

Contractile strength at given muscle length

71
Q

After load

A

back pressure exerted by arterial blood

72
Q

More factors of heart rate

A

age, gender, exercise, body temp

73
Q

Blood vessels

A

delivery system of dynamic structures that begins and ends at heart

74
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood away from heart;

75
Q

Capillaries

A

direct contact with tissue cells; directly serve cellular needs

76
Q

Veins

A

carry blood toward heart

77
Q

Positive inotropic agents

A

increase contractility

78
Q

Negative inotropic agents

A

acidosis (excess H+) increased extracellular K+, calcium channel blockers

79
Q

The three layer walls of vessels

A
  1. Tunica Intima
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica externa
80
Q

Three groups of arteries

A
  • elastic arteries
  • muscular arteries
  • arterioles
81
Q

elastic arteries

A

Thick-walled with large low-resistance lumen

82
Q

Arterioles

A

smallest of all arteries

83
Q

Microscopic vessels

A

diameters so small only single RBS can pass through at a time

84
Q

blood flow

A

volume of blood flowing through vessel, organ, or entire circulation in given period

85
Q

blood pressure

A

force per unit area exerted on wall of blood vessel by blood

86
Q

resistance

A

opposition to flow

87
Q

Three important sources of resistance

A

Blood viscosity
Total blood vessel length
Blood vessel diameter

88
Q

Arterial blood pressure is determined by two factors

A

elasticity of arteries close to heart

volume of blood forced into them

89
Q

Systolic pressure

A

pressure exerted in aorta during ventricular contraction

90
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

Lowest level of aortic pressure

91
Q

Pulse pressure

A

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

92
Q

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

pressure that propels blood to tissues

93
Q

Factors aiding venous return

A

muscular pump
respiratory pump
sympathetic venoconstricition

94
Q

Inspiration

A

gasses flow into lungs

95
Q

Expiration

A

gasses exit lungs

96
Q

spirometer

A

original, cumbersome clinical tool used to measure patient’s respiratory volumes

97
Q

anatomical dead space

A

does not contribute to gas exchange

98
Q

alveolar dead space

A

space occupied by non functional alveoli

99
Q

total dead space

A

sum of anatomical and alveolar dead space

Exercise Physiology (3 decks)

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