Bioenergetics

Question 1

Physical activity

Answer 1

any movement produced by muscle contractions, which result in an elevated energy expenditure above the basal metabolic rate ex: work, sports, leisure activities, daily activities

Question 2

Exercise

Answer 2

Structured physical activity executed on a regular basis with the objective to improve fitness and/ or performance

Question 3

Bioenergetics

Answer 3

the science that involves studies of energetic events in the biological world is called bioenergetics

Question 4

Thermodynamics

Answer 4

The physical science dealing with energy exchange is called thermodynamics

Question 5

Laws of thermodynamics

Answer 5

1. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed 2. Whenever the energy is exchanged, the efficiency of the exchange will be imperfect and some energy will escape, usually in the form of heat

Question 6

6 primary forms of energy

Answer 6

• thermal
• chemical
• mechanical
• electrical
• radiant
• atomic

Question 7

3 ways energy is provided

Answer 7

Immediate (anaerobic galactic)
Non oxidative (anaerobic lactic)
Oxidative (aerobic)

Question 8

General equation of bioenergetics

Answer 8

Echm (food)= Emch (work)+Ethrm (heat)

Question 9

Metabolism oxidative equation

Answer 9

Food + O2–heat +co2+H2O

Question 10

What is the upper limit of mechanical efficiency

Answer 10

25-30%

Question 11

Mass

Answer 11

the amount of matter in a body measured in kg

Question 12

Weight

Answer 12

is the force that results from the action of gravitation field on mass (N)

Question 13

Unit for energy

Answer 13

Joule (J)

Question 14

Unit for power

Answer 14

Watt (W)

Question 15

What is 1 calorie in J

Answer 15

4.2 J

Question 16

What is 1 kilocalorie in J

Answer 16

4.2 kJ

Question 17

MET- metabolic equivalent

Answer 17

3.5 ml O2.kg-1.min-1

Question 18

What is the energy equivalent of oxygen

Answer 18

the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius

Question 19

Direct Calorimetry

Answer 19

Measurement of energy expenditure from body’s heat production

Question 20

Indirect Calorimetry

Answer 20

Measurement of energy expenditure from the ratio between VO2 and VCO2

Question 21

Numerical value of the energy equivalent of oxygen

Answer 21

1 litre of O2= 5kcal

Question 22

What is a MET

Answer 22

the ratio of the rate of energy expended during an activity to the rate of energy expended at rest.
1 met is equal to 3.5ml.kg-1.min-1

Question 23

ECR (energy cost of running)

Answer 23

1kcal.kg-1.km-1

Question 24

Monosaccharides

Answer 24

one sugar

Question 25

Disaccharides

Answer 25

two sugars

Question 26

Polysaccharides

Answer 26

multiple sugars

Question 27

Lipids

Answer 27

contain C,H, O but less than carbohydrates, and sometimes contain P (phosphorus)

Question 28

Main types of lipids

Answer 28

-Triglycerides or neutral fats -phospholipids -steroids Eicosanoids

Question 29

Triglycerides or neutral fats

Answer 29

- called fats when solid and old when liquids - large molecules - composed of three fatty acids bonded to glycerol molecule

Question 30

Proteins

Answer 30

- compromise 10-30% of cell mass | - have most varied functions of any molecules

Question 31

Amino acids

Answer 31

building blocks for protein

Question 32

Enzymes

Answer 32

globular proteins that act as biological catalysts

Question 33

What is ATP

Answer 33

chemical energy released when glucose is broken down is captured in ATP

Question 34

What does ATP do?

Answer 34

directly powers chemical reactions in cells, offers immediate, table energy needed by body cells

Question 35

Without ATP what happens?

Answer 35

Without ATP, molecules cannot be made or degraded, cells cannot shorten to tug on other structures, and life processes cease

Question 36

What is ATP also known as

Answer 36

the common chemical intermediate

Question 37

Respiration

Answer 37

conversion of the chemical energy in foodstuffs into useful chemical form

Question 38

Cell work

Answer 38

Conversion of that useful form to other forms of energy

Question 39

Metabolism

Answer 39

the su of processes occurring in a living organism

Question 40

Metabolic rate

Answer 40

the rate of hear production, all cellular events result in heat

Question 41

Anabolism

Answer 41

synthesis of large molecules from small ones (example: synthesis of proteins from amino acids)

Question 42

Catabolism

Answer 42

Hydrolysis of complex structures to simpler ones (example: breakdown of proteins into amino acids)

Question 43

what is it called when a substance loses electrons

Answer 43

oxidization

Question 44

what is it called when a substance gains electrons

Answer 44

reduction

Question 45

Complete glucose catabolism requires three pathways

Answer 45

1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs cycle 3. Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 46

Glycolysis

Answer 46

- also called glycolytic pathway - involves 10-step pathway - occurs in cytosol

Question 47

Three major phases of glycolysis

Answer 47

Phase1. Sugar activation Phase2. Sugar cleavage Phase3. Sugar oxidation and ATP formation

Question 48

Phase 1 sugar activation

Answer 48

phosphorylation activates glucose. Glucose is converted to fructose-1, 6- diphosphate

Question 49

Phase 2 sugar cleavage

Answer 49

fructose -1 6-biphosphate is cleaved into two carbon fragments

Question 50

Phase 3 Sugar oxidation and ATP formation

Answer 50

a. each 3-carbon fragment is oxidized by removal of a pair of H, which is picked up by NAD+ b. inorganic phosphate groups (Pi) are then attached to each oxidized fragment and 4 ATP molecules are formed

Question 51

Citric acid cycle

Answer 51

occurs in mitochondria matrix and is fueled by pyruvic acid from glucose breakdown and fatty acids from fat breakdown

Question 52

Main functions of the Krebs cycle

Answer 52

1. Carbon dioxide production 2. NADH and FADH production 3. produce some ATP (2 will be formed)

Question 53

Electron transport chain phase 1

Answer 53

Phase 1 creates a proton (H+) gradient across mitochondrial membrane using high energy electrons removed from H from food fuels

Question 54

Electron transport chain phase 2

Answer 54

Phase 2: chemiosmosis uses energy of the proton gradient to synthesize ATP

Question 55

Redox

Answer 55

reduction oxidation reactions; represented by NADH/NAD

Question 56

Glycogenesis

Answer 56

glycogen can be formed with excess glucose; catalyzed by glycogen synthase

Question 57

glycogenolysis

Answer 57

breakdown of glycogen via glycogen phosphorylase

Question 58

Lipogenesis

Answer 58

triglyceride synthesis that occurs when cellular ATP and glucose levels are high

Question 59

Lipolysis

Answer 59

breakdown of stored fats into glycerol and fatty acids; reverse of lipogenesis

Question 60

Nitrogen balance

Answer 60

homeostatic state where ratte of protein synthesis equals