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Exercise Physiology > Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Bioenergetics Flashcards

1
Q

Physical activity

A

any movement produced by muscle contractions, which result in an elevated energy expenditure above the basal metabolic rate ex: work, sports, leisure activities, daily activities

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2
Q

Exercise

A

Structured physical activity executed on a regular basis with the objective to improve fitness and/ or performance

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3
Q

Bioenergetics

A

the science that involves studies of energetic events in the biological world is called bioenergetics

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4
Q

Thermodynamics

A

The physical science dealing with energy exchange is called thermodynamics

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5
Q

Laws of thermodynamics

A
  1. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed 2. Whenever the energy is exchanged, the efficiency of the exchange will be imperfect and some energy will escape, usually in the form of heat
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6
Q

6 primary forms of energy

A
  • thermal
  • chemical
  • mechanical
  • electrical
  • radiant
  • atomic
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7
Q

3 ways energy is provided

A

Immediate (anaerobic galactic)
Non oxidative (anaerobic lactic)
Oxidative (aerobic)

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8
Q

General equation of bioenergetics

A

Echm (food)= Emch (work)+Ethrm (heat)

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9
Q

Metabolism oxidative equation

A

Food + O2–heat +co2+H2O

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10
Q

What is the upper limit of mechanical efficiency

A

25-30%

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11
Q

Mass

A

the amount of matter in a body measured in kg

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12
Q

Weight

A

is the force that results from the action of gravitation field on mass (N)

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13
Q

Unit for energy

A

Joule (J)

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14
Q

Unit for power

A

Watt (W)

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15
Q

What is 1 calorie in J

A

4.2 J

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16
Q

What is 1 kilocalorie in J

A

4.2 kJ

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17
Q

MET- metabolic equivalent

A

3.5 ml O2.kg-1.min-1

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18
Q

What is the energy equivalent of oxygen

A

the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius

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19
Q

Direct Calorimetry

A

Measurement of energy expenditure from body’s heat production

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20
Q

Indirect Calorimetry

A

Measurement of energy expenditure from the ratio between VO2 and VCO2

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21
Q

Numerical value of the energy equivalent of oxygen

A

1 litre of O2= 5kcal

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22
Q

What is a MET

A

the ratio of the rate of energy expended during an activity to the rate of energy expended at rest.
1 met is equal to 3.5ml.kg-1.min-1

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23
Q

ECR (energy cost of running)

A

1kcal.kg-1.km-1

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24
Q

Monosaccharides

A

one sugar

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25
Q

Disaccharides

A

two sugars

26
Q

Polysaccharides

A

multiple sugars

27
Q

Lipids

A

contain C,H, O but less than carbohydrates, and sometimes contain P (phosphorus)

28
Q

Main types of lipids

A

-Triglycerides or neutral fats
-phospholipids
-steroids
Eicosanoids

29
Q

Triglycerides or neutral fats

A
  • called fats when solid and old when liquids
  • large molecules
  • composed of three fatty acids bonded to glycerol molecule
30
Q

Proteins

A
  • compromise 10-30% of cell mass

- have most varied functions of any molecules

31
Q

Amino acids

A

building blocks for protein

32
Q

Enzymes

A

globular proteins that act as biological catalysts

33
Q

What is ATP

A

chemical energy released when glucose is broken down is captured in ATP

34
Q

What does ATP do?

A

directly powers chemical reactions in cells, offers immediate, table energy needed by body cells

35
Q

Without ATP what happens?

A

Without ATP, molecules cannot be made or degraded, cells cannot shorten to tug on other structures, and life processes cease

36
Q

What is ATP also known as

A

the common chemical intermediate

37
Q

Respiration

A

conversion of the chemical energy in foodstuffs into useful chemical form

38
Q

Cell work

A

Conversion of that useful form to other forms of energy

39
Q

Metabolism

A

the su of processes occurring in a living organism

40
Q

Metabolic rate

A

the rate of hear production, all cellular events result in heat

41
Q

Anabolism

A

synthesis of large molecules from small ones (example: synthesis of proteins from amino acids)

42
Q

Catabolism

A

Hydrolysis of complex structures to simpler ones (example: breakdown of proteins into amino acids)

43
Q

what is it called when a substance loses electrons

A

oxidization

44
Q

what is it called when a substance gains electrons

A

reduction

45
Q

Complete glucose catabolism requires three pathways

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Krebs cycle
  3. Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
46
Q

Glycolysis

A
  • also called glycolytic pathway
  • involves 10-step pathway
  • occurs in cytosol
47
Q

Three major phases of glycolysis

A

Phase1. Sugar activation
Phase2. Sugar cleavage
Phase3. Sugar oxidation and ATP formation

48
Q

Phase 1 sugar activation

A

phosphorylation activates glucose. Glucose is converted to fructose-1, 6- diphosphate

49
Q

Phase 2 sugar cleavage

A

fructose -1 6-biphosphate is cleaved into two carbon fragments

50
Q

Phase 3 Sugar oxidation and ATP formation

A

a. each 3-carbon fragment is oxidized by removal of a pair of H, which is picked up by NAD+
b. inorganic phosphate groups (Pi) are then attached to each oxidized fragment and 4 ATP molecules are formed

51
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

occurs in mitochondria matrix and is fueled by pyruvic acid from glucose breakdown and fatty acids from fat breakdown

52
Q

Main functions of the Krebs cycle

A
  1. Carbon dioxide production 2. NADH and FADH production 3. produce some ATP (2 will be formed)
53
Q

Electron transport chain phase 1

A

Phase 1 creates a proton (H+) gradient across mitochondrial membrane using high energy electrons removed from H from food fuels

54
Q

Electron transport chain phase 2

A

Phase 2: chemiosmosis uses energy of the proton gradient to synthesize ATP

55
Q

Redox

A

reduction oxidation reactions; represented by NADH/NAD

56
Q

Glycogenesis

A

glycogen can be formed with excess glucose; catalyzed by glycogen synthase

57
Q

glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen via glycogen phosphorylase

58
Q

Lipogenesis

A

triglyceride synthesis that occurs when cellular ATP and glucose levels are high

59
Q

Lipolysis

A

breakdown of stored fats into glycerol and fatty acids; reverse of lipogenesis

60
Q

Nitrogen balance

A

homeostatic state where ratte of protein synthesis equals

Exercise Physiology (3 decks)

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