Musckuloskeletal

Question 1

Define gout

Answer 1

Excess uric acid in the blood causing uric crystals in the joints

Question 2

What is the treatment for gout

Answer 2

NSAIDS, allopruniol and water

Question 3

What is a physiological contracture?

Answer 3

Shortening of muscle caused by failure of calcium pump in presence of ATP
Temporary if underlying pathology reversed
Occurs in the absence of action potential (lack of use)

Question 4

What is a pathologic contracture?

Answer 4

Shortening of muscle caused by muscle spasm or weakness. Can be response to pain or scar formation
Permanent

Question 5

Why is osteomyelitis difficult to treat?

Answer 5

1. bones have small vessels, easily obstructed by bacteria
2. bones contain channels optimal for proliferation of infectious cells but cannot be penetrated by natural defences
3. Bone cells reproduction slower than resoprtion

Question 6

What are possible causes of exogenous osteomyelitis?

Answer 6

Infection from outside the body-

human bites, implants, body parts of IV drug users

Question 7

What are treatments of osteomyelitis?

Answer 7

Initially-antibiotics
Chronic-surgical debridement with continuous wound irigation following, Hypobaric chamber (forces blood into bone area for healing). Remove implant if needed

Question 8

What is the BMD level for osteoporosis?

Answer 8

-2.5 SD below young adult mean

Severe-BMD of 2.5 SD from the mean with hx of fragility fracture

Question 9

What are S&S of osteoporosis?

Answer 9

Back pain, kyphosis, height loss, improperly fitting clothing, protruding abdomen and negative body image

Question 10

What are risk factors of osteoporosis?

Answer 10

Smoking, lack of physical activity, excess alcohol consumption, low calcium and vit D intake, thinness, family hx or premature menopause

Question 11

What are the 4 main factors of identifying those at risk for osteoporosis?

Answer 11

BMD, fracture hx, age and family hx

Question 12

What are possible treatments for osteoporosis?

Answer 12

Weight bearing exercise, HRT (estrogen), calcitonin, biphosphintes (affect osteoblast apoptosis), calcium and vitamin D, BMD testing

Question 13

What is a transchondral fracture?

Answer 13

fragmentation and separation of portion of articular cartilage

Question 14

What is a strain?

Answer 14

tear in a tendon

Question 15

What is a sprain?

Answer 15

tear in a ligament

Question 16

What is subchondral sclerosis?

Answer 16

thickening and hardening of bine underneath cartilage in osteoarthritis

Question 17

In which form of arthris do pts experience
Morning stiffness > 1 hour
Wide spread, systemic joint swelling
Nodules

Answer 17

Rheumatoid arthritis