Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology > Alterations of Kidney Function > Flashcards

Alterations of Kidney Function Flashcards

1
Q

Define Hydronephrosis

A

Fluid accumulation around the kidneys due to inability of urine to drain properly
Causes increase in hydrostatic pressure and decrease in GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the possible complications of a chronic partial kidney obstruction?

A

Failure to concentrate urine can cause dehydration and metabolic acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three types of kidney stones?

A 
Calcium oxylate (80%)
Struvite (15%)
Uric acid  (7%)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which kidney stones are often precipitated by infection and more common in women?

A

Struvite stones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What increases risk for kidney stones?

A

High urinary concentration of stone forming substances
pH, low urine output, tubular defects
medication, regional enteritis and ulcerative colitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are staghorn calculi?

A

Large kidney stones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the S&S of kidney stones?

A

Colicky, flank or radiating groin pain

N&V, hematuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is lithotripsy used for?

A

The breakdown of kidney stones for easier voiding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What causes neurogenic bladder?

A

Interruption of nerve supply to bladder. Usually CNS or spinal cord trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the S&S and complications of a neurogenic bladder?

A

frequency of voiding, overflow incontinence

Risk of infection from incomplete bladder emptying /urine pooling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are renal tumors often associated with?

A

tobacco use, obesity and analgesic use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of renal tumors?

A

Hematuria, flank pain, palpable flank mass and weight loss.

Early stages asymptomatic besides some hematuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How are renal tumors treated?

A

Cytoscopy and chemotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the risks for UTIs?

A

Premature infants, sexually active and pregnant women, women on antibiotic disrupting vaginal flora, spermicide users, indwelling catheters, UT obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the most common UTI?

A

cystitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the most common UTI?

A

cystitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the most common UTI?

A

cystitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the most common UTI?

A

cystitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the most common UTI?

A

cystitis

18
Q

What is the most common UTI?

A

cystitis

19
Q

What are the S&S of cystitis?

A

Dysuria, frequency, urgency, pain, hematuria

20
Q

What is pyelonephritis?

A

Infection of renal pelvis and interstitium

21
Q

What are possible causes of pyelonephritis?

A

Infection (bacterial, viral or fungal), kidney stones, pregnancy, neurogenic bladder and female sex trauma

22
Q

What is the pathology of acute pyelonephritis?

A
  1. Spread via ureters or bloodstream
  2. infection causes infiltration of WBC with renal inflammation and purulent urine
  3. Release of phagocytic lysozymes etc. may damage tubular cells
  4. Healing involves scar tissue and atrophy of affected tubules
23
Q

How is

A
24
Q

How is acute pyelonephritis diagnosed/treated?

A

Urine culture

2 weeks of microorganism specific antibiotics

25
Q

What are possible complications of chronic pyelonephritis?

A

Obstruction and inability to eliminate bacteria causes destruction of tubules
Can lead to CRF
Fibrosis and scarring, dilation of renal pelvis and calyces and atrophy of tubules

26
Q

What is glomerulonephritis?

A

Inflammation of glomerulus cause by immunologic abnormalities (most frequently), drugs/toxins, vascular disorders, systemic disease

27
Q

Define end stage renal failure

A

When kidneys cease functioning on a permanent basis leading to the need for a regular course of long-term dialysis or a kidney transplant to maintain life

28
Q

What is the onset of acute glomerulonephritis

A

Onset of 7-10 days

Symptoms 10-21 days post infection

29
Q

What is the most common cause of CRF and ESRD?

A

Glomerulonephritis

30
Q

What is the patho of glomerulonephritis?

A

Deposition of circulating soluble complexes
Formation of antibodies against glomerular basement membrane eventually forming growth
Streptococcal release of neuraminidase (enzymes) furthering complications

31
Q

What are the S&S of glomerulonephritis?

A

Hematuria with RBC casts (brown to red/pink), proteinuria (exceeding 3-5g/day)
Renal insufficiency after 10-20 years

32
Q

What denotes renal insufficiency?

A

loss of up to 25% of renal function or GFR of 25-30 ml/min. Increased serum creatine and urea

33
Q

What amount of renal function is available during end stage renal disease?

A

Less than 10%

34
Q

Define azotemia

A

increased serum urea levels and frequently increased creatine levels in the blood

35
Q

What is urea?

A

increased urea and creatine, fatigue, anorexia, N&V, pruritus, neurologic changes and edema

36
Q

What are possible causes of acute renal failure?

A

severe hypotension, vascular obstruction, severe glomerular disease and squela to radioactive media
Ischemia (blood loss during surgery, sepsis, severe burns or trauma)

37
Q

What is the treatment goal for acute renal failure?

A

TO maintain life until renal function resumes (dialysis)

38
Q

Why can ischemia cause acute renal failure?

A

Ischemia generates toxic oxygen free radicals and inflammatory mediators causing swelling, injury and necrosis

39
Q

What is chronic renal failure

A

Progressive and irreversible loss of renal function

>25% loss of renal function

40
Q

How is chronic renal failure diagnosed?

A

Blood values (BUN, creatine), ultrasounds, IVP, renal biopsy and symptoms

41
Q

How is chronic renal failure treated?

A

Diet, sodium and fluids, caloric intake, erythropoietin, dialysis or transplant

42
Q

What are possible causes of chronic renal failure?

A

Type II diabetes, chronic hypertension, long lasting viral illnesses (HIV, Hep B and C), chronic glomerulonephritis, chronic pyelonephritis

43
Q

What are S&S of chronic renal failure

A

Usually asymptomatic until too late
High BP, N&V, anorexia, fatigue and weakness, sleep issues, peripheral edema and possibly chest pain and shortness of breath

Pathophysiology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions