Cell and Immune Response

Question 1

Define pathologic Atrophy

Answer 1

A decrease in cell size resulting from decrease in workload, blood supply, nutrition or hormonal/nervous stimulation

Question 2

Define Hyperplasia

Answer 2

Increase in number of cells due to increased rate of cellular division

Question 3

Define Metaplasia

Answer 3

Reversible replacement of one mature cell by another less differentiated cell type (ex. replacement of normal bronchial columnar ciliated epithelial cells by stratified squamous epithelial cells)

Question 4

Define avulsion

Answer 4

flap of lacerated skin

Question 5

What are the types of antibodies

Answer 5

agglutination (clumps pathogens together), antitoxins (neutralizes toxins), lysis (digests bacterial membrane), opsonization (coats pathogen in identifying protein)

Question 6

What are the components of the humoral response

Answer 6

Activation phase-macrophages engulf foreign bodies and present antigens on surface
T-helper cells recognize and bind to the displayed antigens
Effector phase- activated T cells trigger specific B-cells to proliferate and release antibodies

Question 7

What do cytotoxic T-cells do?

Answer 7

attack body cells that have been infected by virus, bacteria or fungus

Question 8

What is the hemostasis phase of wound healing?

Answer 8

The first phase. Blood vessels constrict and the coagulation cascade begins

Question 9

What is the Inflammatory phase of wound healing?

Answer 9

Second phase. Blood vessels leak transudate into injury area causing swelling. Healing and repair cells can then move to wound site and damaged cells/pathogens are removed

Question 10

What is the proliferative phase of wound healing?

Answer 10

Third phase. wound is rebuilt with new tissues and the wound contracts. Granulation tissue if formed before epithelial cells resurface the area

Question 11

What is the maturation phase of wound healing?

Answer 11

Final phase. Collagen is remodelled from type 3 to type 1 and wound fully closes. Usually begins 21 days post injury

Question 12

Which cells release histamine in the Inflammatory phase?

Answer 12

Mast cells

Question 13

What are the effects of cortisol on the body?

Answer 13

mobilizes substances needed for cellular metabolism. Enhances elevation of CBG. Directly influences immune response to antibodies and suppresses inflammatory response

Question 14

What is the effect of aldosterone on the body?

Answer 14

mediates sodium balance. Increases reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium by the distal convoluted tubule

Question 15

Define allostasis

Answer 15

adaptive physiological response to stress (release of stress hormones). Long term allostasis can lead to disease.