Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiology Disease Profiles > Murmurs > Flashcards

Murmurs Flashcards

1
Q

What is S1?

A

1st heart sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What causes S1?

A 
AV valves (tricuspid, mitral valves)
At the start of systolic contraction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is S2?

A

2nd heart sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What causes S2?

A

Closing of semi-lunar valves (pulmonary and aortic)

Once systolic contraction is complete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is S3?

A

3rd heart sound

Pathological in people older than 40 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When is S3?

A

Roughly 0.1s after S2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What causes S3?

A

Rapid ventricular filling causing chordae tendineae to pull their full length and twang like a guitar string

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When is S3 normal?

A

Ina healthy patient aged 15-40

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does S3 indicate in older patients?

A

Indicates heart failure

-Ventricles and chordae tendineae reach limit faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is S4?

A

4th heart sound

-Completely abnormal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When is S4?

A

Heard right before S1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does S4 indicate?

A

Hypertrophic ventricle

Caused by turbulent flow from atria contracting against non-compliant ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What part of stethoscope do you hear low sounds with?

A

Bell

Diaphragm for high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where do you listen for the Tricuspid valve?

A

5th ICS, Left sternal border

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What valve do you hear over the 2nd ICS, Left border?

A

Pulmonary valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where do you listen for the aortic valve?

A

2nd ICS, Right sternal border

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is heard over the 5th ICS, mid-clavicular line?

A

Mitral valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where and what is Erb’s point?

A

3rd ICS on left lateral border

best place to listen for S1&2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What murmur is accentuated when a patient is on their left hand side?

A

Mitral stenosis (as far left as you can go)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does sitting a patient up, leaning forward & asking them to hold their exhale test for?

A

Aortic regurgutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How to assess a murmur?

A

SCRIPT
Site: where it is loudest
Character: soft, blowing, crescendo, decrescendo
Radiation: Heard over carotids= AS, left axilla= MR
Intensity: What grade
Pitch: High or low/grumbling
Timing: systolic or diastolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Grading for murmurs? (not too important)

A

1= Difficult to hear
2= Quiet
3=Easy to hear
4= Easy to hear + palpable thrill
5= Can hear with stethoscope barely touching chest
6= Can hear with stethoscope off the chest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What two things can valvular disease cause?

A

Hypertrophy
or of myocardium
Dilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What chamber does aortic pathology affect?

A

Left ventricular

25
Q

Which pathology affects the left atrium?

A

Mitral pathology

26
Q

What can Mitral stenosis cause?

A

LA hypertrophy

27
Q

What can aortic stenosis cause?

A

LV hypertrophy

28
Q

Mitral always relates to which chamber?

A

LA

29
Q

Aortic always related to which chamber?

A

LV

30
Q

What causes LA dilation?

A

Mitral regurgitation

31
Q

Aortic regurgitation causes?

A

LV dilation

32
Q

Stenosis murmurs cause hypertrophy. True or False?

A

True

33
Q

What do regurgitation murmurs cause?

A

Dilation

34
Q

Pathophysiology of mitral stenosis?

A

Narrow mitral valve making it difficult for LA to push blood through ventricle

35
Q

What causes mitral stenosis?

A

Rheumatic heart disease

Infective endocarditis

36
Q

What mitral stenosis sounds like?

A

Mid-diastolic low rumbling murmur

-due to low velocity of blood

37
Q

What situation can mitral stenosis be palpated?

A

Tapping apex beat

38
Q

What can mitral stenosis be associated with?

A

Malar flush: due to ack of pressure of blood into pulmonary system causing rise in CO2& vasodilation

Atrial fibrillation: Caused by LA struggling to push blood through stenotic valve causing strain/electrical disruption resulting in fibrillation

39
Q

Pathophysiology of mitral regurgitation?

A

Incompetetant mitral valve allows blood to lead back through during systolic contraction of LV

40
Q

Causes of mitral regurgitation?

A
  • Idiopathic weakening of valve with age
  • Ischaemic heart disease
  • Infective endocarditis
  • Rheumatic heart disease
  • Connective tissue disorders
41
Q

Example of connective tissue disorders?

A

Ehlers Danlos syndrome

Marfan syndrome

42
Q

What does mitral regurgitation sound like?

A

Pan-systolic high pitched whistling murmur

43
Q

Does mitral regurgitation radiate?

A

Yes

To left axilla

44
Q

What can mitral regurgitation result in?

A

Congestive heart failure
Because leaking valve causes decreased ejection function & backlog of blood that is waiting to be pumped through LHS of heart

MAY HEAR 3RD HEART SOUND

45
Q

What might you hear in mitral regurgitation?

A

3rd heart sound

46
Q

What is the most common valve disease?

A

Aortic stenosis

47
Q

What does aortic stenosis sound like?

A

Ejection systolic high pitched murmur with crescendo-decrescendo character

48
Q

Where does aortic stenosis radiate to?

A

Carotids

49
Q

Other signs of aortic stenosis?

A

Slow rising pulse & narrow pulse pressure

Patients may complain of syncope

50
Q

Causes for aortic stenosis?

A

Idiopathic age related calcification

Rheumatic heart disease

51
Q

What does aortic regurgitation sound like?

A

Early diastolic soft murmur

52
Q

What is aortic regurgitation associated with?

A

Corrigans pulse (collapsing pulse)

53
Q

Causes of aortic regurgitation?

A

Idiopathic age related weakness

Connective tissue disorders

54
Q

What does AR result in?

A

Heart failure due to back pressure of blood waiting to get through the LHS of the heart

55
Q

What is Corrigan’s pulse?

A

Rapidly appearing and disappearing pulse @ carotid as blood is pumped out by ventricles & then immediately flows back through aortic valve back into ventricles

56
Q

What can corrigan’s pulse cause?

A

Austin flint murmur

57
Q

What is austin flint murmur?

A

Early diastolic rumbling murmur

-Heard @ apex

58
Q

What physiologically is happening in austin flint murmur?

A

Blood flowing back through aortic valve & over mitral valve

Cardiology Disease Profiles (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions