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Env Management > Mulvihill kap 1-13. > Flashcards

Mulvihill kap 1-13. Flashcards

1
Q
  1. EMS?
A

Environment Management Systems

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2
Q
  1. EIA?
A

Env. Impact Assessment

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3
Q
  1. ERA?
A

Env. Risk Assessment

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4
Q
  1. The Ecological Crisis are?
A

A challange facing Env. Managment, Env. issues, problems and Env performance or air quality etc.

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5
Q
  1. A verision of the Precationary Principle?
A

The ecological crisis, are proactive, not reactive.

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6
Q
  1. NGO´S?
A

Non-Goverment organisations

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7
Q
  1. Diffrent systems in EM?
A
  • Social, cultural, Economic, Politic, Ecological.
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8
Q
  1. Definition of Ecological Complexity?
A

A number of spicies, at each tropic level, & the number of tropic level in a community.

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9
Q
  1. Human based systems are?
A

Social contructions that dont follow the laws of nature & humans are unpredictable pga cognetive /psychological factors.

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10
Q
  1. RM - Recurce Management are?
A

Recource inventory as: number of trees, birds, fish, that might be harvested/explioted.

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11
Q
  1. Uncertanty + Ecological Crisis are?
A

E.C are a social phenomen as well, beacuse of the role of human decision making in the dev. of disasters.

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12
Q
  1. Barriers & Ecoligical crisis?
A

Urgency + act quickly + a 3rd set of factors:
*Complexity of the climate change, *issues related to limitations in data, *gaps in the basic science of climate change
= Barriers to effectivly adress climate dimension of a Crisis.

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13
Q
  1. Positive Feedback loops?
A

Ex: Albedo - ice reflect solar radiation & keep surface cooler, was assumed to be linerar in models. But: More ice melts - more water are expoded - less ice reflecting sun radiatopn = warmer.

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14
Q
  1. Diffrent solutons for Uncertinty?
A
  • Precautionery Principle
  • Black Swan thinking etc.
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15
Q
  1. Diffrent contexts of EM ?
A

-Env. Law/Policy = weaker or stronger
- Sustainablility = Shallow or deep
- Ecological crisis = is the real context of EM.

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16
Q
  1. Neoliberalism?
A

A theory of political and economic practices, based on unlimited freedom to pursue ind. intiatives by protected arrangements of private property rights, free markets & free trade. = Maintaining privitazed economy.

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17
Q
  1. Hollowing out of the state?
A

The state abandone their role of protecting the collective/society (security, health, education, env. commons) which leads to privatization of welfare functions = ensures market basis of society.

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18
Q
  1. Tradgedy of the Commons?
A

Often a negative effect of Neoliberalism.
Env. commons: air, water, soil are exploited to maximize benefits/profits by private firms & negative costs are shared by everyone else in society. Firms gets “free ride”, dont share cost of env. clean-up.

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19
Q
  1. Comand-and-controll modell are?
A

-regulatory policy, became equivalient to Env. policy, protection of environment was to be governed.

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20
Q
  1. Env. Governance + Subpolitics?
A

Politics no longer exclusivlu act thru Gov, parliamentary & parties. But thru other chanels as Tech, medicine, laws, org. Vs inclusion of other stakeholders in Env. decision making. = Collaborations between state & non-state actors in global/national/local levels = Governance.

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21
Q
  1. the 4 main drivers in changes?
A

-Globalisation
- Governance
- Mainstreaming of Sustanability awareness
- Decentralisation of Env. studies

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22
Q
  1. Globalization are ?
A

-Are complex, homogenity is a inveitable consequience.
- Are neither god or bad, bur unpredictable and irrebersable.
- Are hostile to reginal uniqueness, values, cultural diffrences, social volnerabilities.

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23
Q
  1. Governance are?
A

-Are nowdays more open, collaborative & interactive to EM, less formal & centrelized.
- Are: Inclusive, power to local communities, transistinal entities/civil society.
- A shift from “Goverment” to “Governance” = created new possibilities.

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24
Q
  1. Gov + Fiscal perspective?
A

Was never realistic/practical for Gov to assum exclusiv responsibility of managing Env issues.

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25
Q
  1. Gov + Ethical perspective ?
A

Was never realistic to asume responisbility, from Env unfrendly firms.

26
Q
  1. Gov + Participatory perspective?
A

not possible to limit rights of Ind, civil society & NGO, to protect their Env.

27
Q
  1. Gov + Sustanibility perspective?
A

Not realistic that EM, do justice to confronting the Ecological Crisis.

28
Q
  1. The Mainstreaming of Sustanability awareness?
A

Are a factor, changing the context of EM, are today a household term. Laws/politics are now framed with Sustanability as overarching, vague & elusive goal….

29
Q
  1. Conventional EM are?
A
  • The first generation of EM & remains persistant to changes & lack of dev.
  • Still remains Pre-Sustanability, mainly domain of business world.
    -Often viewed as RM function & protecting reputation = Value for shareholders/Firms.
29
Q
  1. EM + Reactive oriantation?
A

The cycle of Env. problems -> Reaction -> Mitigation -> Correction. // Has evolved as default orientation to EM.

30
Q
  1. EM + Correction orientation?
A

Effectivness & Costs is a downside pga Public sector & businees has cost savings. Weight EM against ofther things = Symphtom of short term thinking.
-Now firms are ware of thats its more expensive to correct, than prevent. But failing to invest in preventing, seen as “too expensive to fix”.

31
Q
  1. EM + Complicance/Diligence Due/ Reputation orientation ?
A

-EMS: dont garantee good Env performance, only show that the “System” are in place…
- Poor performance can have effect on firms image/reputations. Advertasing, philantrophy can be seen as Greenwashing.
- Are a diff between Strategy & Substance vs Action & Outcome.

32
Q
  1. EM + Manage on short-time frames?
A

Vs focus on single issues, than overall Env sustanability. Is “Periperal” not “Integral/väsentlig” part of core business.

33
Q
  1. EM + Deep Sustanability requires?
A

Interaction of positive forces: advanced ecological awareness, strong political will, political & economic reforms, powerful governance, new tech, coperation & collaboration of many scales.

34
Q
  1. Alt EM + Social science & Ecological Crisis?
A

Ecological Crisis are a social problem, need to include socio-ecological methods as approach to do justice to Nature/Society.
ex: Critical apporoaches - feminism, anti-racism. Nep - New Ecological Paradigm etc.

35
Q
  1. Nep - New Ecological Paradigm?
A

A measure of Env concern or world view. And how environmental quality is socially constructed - a social problem beacuce human and environmental relationship:

  1. Humans are one among many in a global ecosystem.
  2. Humman affairs are influenced by Social/Cultural/ factors, and nature. Actions can have unintended consequenses.
  3. Humans are dependent on Env, sets physical + biological limits to human affairs.
  4. Humans has extended carrying limits, but Ecological laws cant be repealed.
36
Q
  1. Panarchy Theory?
A

Nature has a pre-dominant role in human - nature relationship. Theory dev. a nature centred view of the world. Also dev. a perspective to understand Ecosystems respond to disturbences.
By: either restoring the previusly state of Equlibirium, or flipping to a enterily but stable new state.

37
Q
  1. Gradualist framing?
A

a view of linear & slow manner of changes, give time to adjust & adapt.

38
Q
  1. Catastrophist framing?
A

less optimistic framing, need to act more urgent. Incl feedback loops. Climate change = non-linear & more dramatic way, changes will be abrupt and sudden.

39
Q
  1. Positive feedback loops?
A

The accelerating effects of positive feedback loops can be at risk toirreversible tipping points which are changes to the climate that are not steady and predictable. Basically tipping points are small changes within the climate system that can change a fairly stable system to a very different state.

40
Q
  1. Negative feedback loops?
A

Climate: Often a system can be ‘self-regulating’ as negative feedbacks reduce processes enough to create stability within the system. This is called a negative feedback loop.There are a few of these negative feedbacks within the climate system. One is the solubility pump of the ocean, and ocean can store heat etc.

41
Q
  1. Volnerability?
A

Sensibility to dammage effects of hazard/disaster/risks.
from physical, social, economic or env factors.

42
Q
  1. Resilience?
A

The ability of social & natural systems to respond to change, without braking down & returning orginal state. Also to adapt to changes. The system has capacity to absorbe/handle some disturbanges/changes - > rebound back.

43
Q
  1. Mitigation ?
A

Measures to lessen or Prevent impacts.
Ex: floodwalls, strengthening water, sewage, dranage systems, roads, bridges, power/gas lines etc. = Bilding adaptive capacity!

44
Q
  1. Adaption?
A

komplettera. s 99 el ngn stans i bok.

45
Q
  1. Future discounting?
A

Tendency to forgeo future benefits, in favour of immediate benefits. Se Economi tenta.

46
Q
  1. Limitations of Conv. EM + Double Complecity?
A

-Combined influences of Social & Ecological systems.
-Are complex in themself & also interacts in non-linear ways.
- Impossible to predict behaviour of the system as a whole, from knowledge about elements. We need to dev. ways to deal with situations/complexity to respond to Eco Crisis.

47
Q
  1. Post-Normal Science?
A

A problem solving framework for ecological economics. Apply to all situations -> issue driven science, uncertinty, value in dispute, political/social takes + urgent dicisions.

48
Q
  1. Black Swan ?
A

A metafor for a rare event beyond normal expectations. Cant be predicted with any precision.

49
Q
  1. Anticipatory Suprice Management are?
A

Deff: Hyper-uncertinty/unthinkable etc.
- Trad DM are not longer useful.
Solution = state-of-the-art knowledge of non linear systems.
1. Rejection of expected/linear/predictible behaviours.
2. EM= flexibility & adaptive.
3. Knowledge, skills, attitudes beyond Gov/admin rutines & mindsets.

50
Q
  1. the State-of-the-art knowledge of non linear systems?
A
  1. Rejection of expected/linear/predictible behaviours.
  2. EM= flexibility & adaptive.
  3. Knowledge, skills, attitudes beyond Gov/admin rutines & mindsets.
51
Q
  1. Confirmation Bias?
A

Only looking for conformationing results -> leads to blindnes in oncoming Black Swan events.
Tend to only test a rule only by looking at situations where the rule works.
Solution = to do a indirect approach , focus on where the rule dont work = look for disconfirming instances. We tend to find a pattern automaticly -> fit a story to series of facts.

52
Q
  1. How to handle Consequences & Probability within Uncertinty?
A

Consequences = which you can know & can make decision about.
Probability = which you cant know.

Ex: Earthquake scenario.

53
Q
  1. 3 types of ‘‘knowing’’ situations + Black Swan events?
A
  1. Unknown unknown (no one are aware of the event)
  2. Unknown knowns ( we dont know, others do, but we dont know the knowledgeof others)
  3. Rare Events, negligible propability to happen (was known but then made unknown).

EX: Rumsfeldt video.

54
Q
  1. What are “Grey” Black swans?
A

vs “near black swan” events. Knowing about their existance, they should lower your suprice. The events are rare, but expected.

55
Q
  1. Solutions on Grey swan events?
A

Solution= How they are dealt with in natural eco systems are a solution to imitate. Nature has existed longer than humans….
Nature prevents negative effects from spreading thru the system.

56
Q
  1. The steps in Scenario Develeopment?
A

A Narrative of a story of a future that could happen.
1. PLAUSIBLE: Resonable, if not, no one vwill lissen -> will be dissmissed.
2. ENGAGING= not iintresting or attract audience = not usefull.
3. RELEVANT = need to adress issues to a broader public.

57
Q
  1. What is Explorative Scenarios?
A

A tool for alt EM & deep sustanibility.
The value is to prepare us for what we think will NOT happen.

58
Q
  1. 3 types of Explorative Scenarios?
A

Predictive= concerning futures that are likely/probable, but undusirable

Normative= concerning futures that are considered desireble.

Explorative = we belive that has most potential as a tool for Alt. EM & dev to deeper sustanability.

59
Q
  1. 4 components in Explorative Scenarios?
A
  1. Predetermind elements: demografic trends, declinging bio. div, globalization, climate change.
  2. Drivers: Demand/supply, energy, food security, disasters.
  3. Critical uncertanties: New tech, life expectency, less consumtion, medical news.
  4. Weak signals: Ecological collaps + bees, invasice species etc.
60
Q
  1. Weak signals?
A

A signal of some kind, but not noticed/recived (climate change etc). Are dissmissed by some.
Its not to identify the “right” signal, but broadern the scopes of EM, to incl their consideration = ear to the ground, if one signal becomes significant, its worthwhile.

Env Management (7 decks)

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