Multistep carcinogenesis

Question 1

How does histopathology and epidemiological studies show that cancer is mulitistep

Answer 1

epidemilogical-older than the more likely to get cancer(more mutation accumulation)
Histopathology-allows us to identify tumours at different stages

Question 2

Why do we need to understand the origin of development?

Answer 2

To treat cause rather than symptoms, treat one disease instead of the many, can be resistant to it

Question 3

What drives the changes between different stages in cancer?

Answer 3

progression, which happens after an accumulation of mutations in different genes

Question 4

How does genetic analysis show that carcinogenesis is a multipstep process?

Answer 4

Volgestein model, attributes each mutation to a different stage of tumour progression

Question 5

What factors act to promote cancer and how?

Answer 5

genetics and environment, such cigareete smoking, uv, progesterone, testosterone

Question 6

What are the multistep carcinogenesis made up? What does each step entail and is it reversible?

Answer 6

Initiation- DNA changes, carcinogen reacts with DNA to produce a mutation, irreversible
Promotion- The cell processes such apoptosis, differentiation, proliferation, cell survival are activated abnormally by nongenotoxic mechanisms, reversible can become malignant or
Progression- Involved with genomic instability, mutations of oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes and the selection of these to invade and metastasize

Question 7

Multiple painting in the samge gene of initiator and promoter won’t lead to cancer

Answer 7

Flase

Question 8

What inflammation factors are involved in colorectal cancer promotion

Answer 8

tnf-a which activates nfkb which will transcribe genes that have to do with proliferation, cytokine production pge2 which activates cox2 and is associated with progression and promotion,tgf-b, il10