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OB/GYN Board Review > Multiple Gestations > Flashcards

Multiple Gestations Flashcards

1
Q

factors that increase the likelihood of multiple gestations

A

history
advanced maternal age
assisted therapy
maternal obesity

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2
Q

singletons vs. multiples mortality rate

A

twins have 4x ^ risk for fetal mortality and 6x ^ risk for neonatal morbidity rate

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3
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg

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4
Q

zygosity

A

in multiple gestations, this term refers to the number of eggs that are fertilized

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5
Q

monozygotic

A

twins arising from a single zygote

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6
Q

dizygotic

A

twins form from 2 separate zygotes

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7
Q

chorion

A

structure that forms the placenta

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8
Q

chorionicity

A

how many placentas are present
monochorionic = twins who share a placenta
dichorionic = twins that have separate placentas

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9
Q

amnionicity

A

how many amnions or amniotic sacs are present
monoamniotic = twins who share the same sac
diamniotic = twins that have their own sac

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10
Q

dizygotic twinning

A

2 separate fertilized ova
**most common form of twinning
“FRATERNAL TWINS”

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11
Q

monozygotic twinning

A

arise from a zygote that splits
monochorionic-diamniotic twins = more common
“IDENTICAL TWINS”

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12
Q

at what days does the split and result in monochorionic-diamniotic

A

zygote splits between 4 & 8 days

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13
Q

split (days) that results in a dichorionic-diamniotic pregnancy

A

zygote splits prior to day 4

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14
Q

split (days) that results in a mono-mono pregnancy

A

zygote splits late, after 8 days

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15
Q

split (days) for conjoined twins

A

split extremely late, 8-12 days

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16
Q

twin peak sign

A

“Lambda Sign”

indicative of a di-di pregnancy

17
Q

delta sign

A

“T-sign”

monochorionic-diamniotic pregnancy

18
Q

different gender twins vs. same gender twins

A

dichorionic
vs.
monochorionic

19
Q

vanishing twin

A

death and reabsorption of the embryo during the 1st trimester
if embryo is not reabsorbed = fetal papyraceus
monochorionic twins, death of one, results in the death of other

20
Q

twin embolization syndrome

A

vascular products travel from the demised twin to the surviving twin by means of the common vascular channels with the shared placenta

21
Q

what risk ^ with multiple gest. pregnancies?

A

preterm labor

22
Q

chorion frondosum

A

the fetal contribution of the placenta derived from the blastocyst and contains the chorionic villi

23
Q

causes of placentomegaly

A 
diabetes
maternal anemia
infection
fetal hydrops
Rh isoimmunization 
multiple gestations
(>4 cm thick)
24
Q

causes of a thin placenta

A 
long-standing diabetes
IUGR
placental insufficiency
poly-
preeclamsia
25
Q

what is a common cause of painless vaginal bleeding in 2nd and 3rd trimester

A

placenta previa

26
Q

when is placenta previa more likely to occur

A

hx of multiparity
advanced maternal age
prior c-section

27
Q

vasa previa is often assoc. with what type of cord insert

A

velamentous

28
Q

placental abruption

A

premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall before the birth of the fetus

29
Q

maternal causes of placental abruption

A 
HTN 
preeclampsia
cocaine
cigarettes
poor nutrition
trauma
30
Q

chorioangioma

A

most common placental tumor
^ MSAFP
most common location is adjacent to the umbilical cord insertion
assoc. with poly-, IUGR, and fetal hydrops

31
Q

allantoic cyst

A

a mass adjacent to the cord near the fetal abd

assoc. with omphalocele and aneuploidy

32
Q

hemangioma

A

most common tumor of the umbilical cord (but very rare)

located near the cord insert on placenta

33
Q

fetal malformations assoc. with polyhydramnios

A 
cardiac/chest anomalies
chromosomal anomalies
duodenal atresia
esophageal atresia
facial anomalies
gastroschisis
neural tube defects
omphalocele
Rh incompatibility
twin to twin transfusion syndrome
34
Q

what does TORCH stand for

A 
toxoplasmosis
other infections
rubella
cytomegalovirus
herpes simplex virus
35
Q

sonographic findings of TORCH

A

presence of intracranial calcifications
microcephaly
ventriculomegaly
hepatosplenomegaly

36
Q

diethylstilbestrol

A

drug used to treat threatened AB & PTL in 1970s

can cause cervical incompetence

37
Q

cervical cerclage

A

the placement of stitches in the CX to hold it closed

for incompetent CX

OB/GYN Board Review (8 decks)

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