Multiple Choice Flashcards
How long can norovirus survive on contaminated surfaces?
A) Hours to days
B) Weeks to months
C) Years
D) It does not survive on surfaces
A) Hours to days
What is the recommended method for preventing norovirus infection?
A) Getting a flu shot
B) Using hand sanitizer regularly
C) Practicing good hand hygiene and proper food handling
D) Wearing a mask in public places
C) Practicing good hand hygiene and proper food handling
Which of the following settings is most commonly associated with norovirus outbreaks?
A) Public swimming pools
B) Public transportation
C) Schools and daycare centers
D) Movie theaters
C) Schools and daycare centers
What are the typical symptoms of norovirus infection?
A) High fever and rash
B) Severe headache and fatigue
C) Diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach cramps
D) Cough and shortness of breath
C) Diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach cramps
How is norovirus primarily transmitted?
A) Mosquito bites
B) Contaminated food and water
C) Skin-to-skin contact
D) Airborne respiratory droplets
B) Contaminated food and water
What is the best way to prevent mumps?
A) Taking antiviral medications
B) Isolation of infected individuals
C) Vaccination with the MMR vaccine
D) Practicing good hand hygiene
C) Vaccination with the MMR vaccine
Which group of individuals is most at risk of developing complications from mumps, such as orchitis or meningitis?
A) Infants
B) Adolescents and adults
C) School-aged children
D) Older adults
B) Adolescents and adults
At what age is the first dose of the MMR vaccine, which includes protection against mumps, typically administered?
A) 2 months
B) 6 months
C) 12 to 15 months
D) 4 to 6 years
C) 12 to 15 months
What are the common symptoms of mumps?
A) Skin rash and joint pain
B) High fever, sore throat, and cough
C) Swelling of the salivary glands, fever, and headache
D) Diarrhea and abdominal pain
C) Swelling of the salivary glands, fever, and headache
What is the primary mode of transmission for mumps?
A) Direct contact with contaminated surfaces
B) Ingestion of contaminated food
C) Airborne respiratory droplets
D) Vector-borne transmission
C) Airborne respiratory droplets
Which group of individuals is at a higher risk of developing severe Legionellosis?
A) Young adults
B) Children under 5 years old
C) Older adults and individuals with weakened immune systems
D) Pregnant women
C) Older adults and individuals with weakened immune systems
What are the typical symptoms of Legionellosis?
A) Rash and joint pain
B) High fever, cough, and shortness of breath
C) Diarrhea and vomiting
D) Muscle cramps and headache
B) High fever, cough, and shortness of breath
Legionellosis is caused by which bacterium?
A) Escherichia coli (E. coli)
B) Legionella pneumophila
C) Streptococcus pyogenes
D) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
B) Legionella pneumophila
Which of the following is a common environmental source of Legionellosis outbreaks?
A) Mosquitoes
B) Contaminated vegetables
C) Air conditioning systems
D) Direct contact with an infected person
C) Air conditioning systems
What is the primary mode of transmission for Legionellosis?
A) Person-to-person contact
B) Contaminated food
C) Inhalation of aerosolized water droplets
D) Vector-borne transmission
C) Inhalation of aerosolized water droplets
Which organ is most severely affected by Yellow Fever?
A) Kidneys
B) Liver
C) Lungs
D) Heart
B) Liver
Rationale: Yellow Fever primarily affects the liver, leading to jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes) and other liver-related symptoms. While it can also affect other organs, the liver is the most severely impacted.
What is the most effective way to prevent Yellow Fever?
A) Wearing long-sleeved clothing
B) Using insect repellent
C) Avoiding travel to endemic areas
D) Vaccination
D) Vaccination
Rationale: The most effective way to prevent Yellow Fever is through vaccination with the Yellow Fever vaccine. While wearing protective clothing and using insect repellent can help reduce the risk of mosquito bites, vaccination is the primary preventive measure.
Which regions of the world are at highest risk for Yellow Fever transmission?
A) North America
B) Europe
C) Sub-Saharan Africa and parts of South America
D) Southeast Asia
C) Sub-Saharan Africa and parts of South America
Rationale: Yellow Fever is endemic in certain regions of Sub-Saharan Africa and parts of South America. It is not commonly found in North America, Europe, or Southeast Asia.
Which of the following is a common symptom of Yellow Fever?
A) Joint pain and swelling
B) Skin rash
C) Persistent cough
D) Toothache
A) Joint pain and swelling
Rationale: Joint pain and swelling are common symptoms of Yellow Fever, along with fever, muscle pain, and other flu-like symptoms. Skin rash, persistent cough, and toothache are not typical symptoms of Yellow Fever.
What is the primary mode of transmission for Yellow Fever?
A) Direct contact with an infected person
B) Mosquito bites
C) Contaminated water consumption
D) Airborne droplets
B) Mosquito bites
Rationale: Yellow Fever is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female Aedes or Haemagogus mosquitoes. It is not transmitted through direct contact, contaminated water, or airborne droplets.
What are the common symptoms of botulism?
a) High fever and skin rash
b) Diarrhea and vomiting
c) Muscle weakness, blurred vision, and difficulty swallowing
d) Runny nose and cough
c) Muscle weakness, blurred vision, and difficulty swallowing
Which bacterium is responsible for producing the botulinum toxin in botulism cases?
a) Salmonella
b) Listeria
c) Clostridium botulinum
d) Escherichia coli (E. coli)
c) Clostridium botulinum
What is the primary source of botulism toxin in foodborne botulism?
a) Bacterial spores
b) Mold contamination
c) Viral contamination
d) Chemical additives
a) Bacterial spores
Which preventive measure can help reduce the risk of Brucellosis?
a) Drinking unpasteurized milk
b) Handling infected animals without protection
c) Consuming raw meat
d) Pasteurizing dairy products and practicing good hygiene
d) Pasteurizing dairy products and practicing good hygiene
What are common symptoms of Brucellosis in humans?
a) Skin rash and itching
b) Cough and shortness of breath
c) Muscle and joint pain, fever, and fatigue
d) Nausea and diarrhea
c) Muscle and joint pain, fever, and fatigue
Which bacterial genus is responsible for causing Brucellosis?
a) Salmonella
b) Listeria
c) Brucella
d) E. coli
c) Brucella
What is the primary mode of transmission of Brucellosis to humans?
a) Mosquito bites
b) Contaminated food
c) Inhalation of airborne particles
d) Sexual contact
c) Inhalation of airborne particles
b) is also correct
How is amebiasis typically treated?
A) Antibiotics such as penicillin
B) Antiviral medications
C) Antimalarial drugs
D) Medications like metronidazole or tinidazole
D) Medications like metronidazole or tinidazole
What is a common symptom of amebiasis, the disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica infection?
A) Joint pain
B) Skin rash
C) Muscle weakness
D) Diarrhea
D) Diarrhea
Which stage of Entamoeba histolytica is responsible for causing tissue damage and infection in the intestines?
A) Cyst stage
B) Trophozoite stage
C) Egg stage
D) Larval stage
B) Trophozoite stage
What is the primary mode of transmission of Entamoeba histolytica to humans?
A) Person-to-person contact
B) Mosquito bites
C) Inhalation of airborne cysts
D) Ingestion of contaminated food or water
D) Ingestion of contaminated food or water
What is the primary cause of ciguatera poisoning?
A) Eating undercooked shellfish.
B) Consuming fish contaminated with ciguatoxins.
C) Bacterial contamination in seafood.
D) Viral infection from raw fish.
B) Consuming fish contaminated with ciguatoxins.
Which symptom is unique to ciguatera poisoning and helps distinguish it from other types of seafood poisoning?
A) Nausea.
B) Temperature reversal (hot feels cold and vice versa).
C) Diarrhea.
D) Vomiting.
B) Temperature reversal (hot feels cold and vice versa).
Which fish is most likely to be associated with ciguatera poisoning?
A) Salmon.
B) Cod.
C) Barracuda.
D) Tuna.
C) Barracuda ( and other reef fish)
What type of microorganism is Rickettsia typhi?
a) Bacterium
b) Virus
c) Fungus
d) Protozoan
a) Bacterium
Which disease is caused by Rickettsia typhi and is characterized by symptoms such as fever, headache, and a rash that often begins on the extremities and spreads inward?
a) Typhoid fever
b) Rocky Mountain spotted fever
c) Murine typhus
d) Lyme disease
b) Rocky Mountain spotted fever
What is the most effective way to prevent Rickettsia typhi infection in areas where it is endemic?
a) Vaccination
b) Avoiding raw seafood
c) Using insect repellent
d) Handwashing with soap and water
c) Using insect repellent
Which food is generally considered safe to eat to prevent traveler’s diarrhea?
A) Street food
B) Raw seafood
C) Unpeeled fruits
D) Cooked food served hot
D) Cooked food served hot
In which of the following situations should you seek medical attention for traveler’s diarrhea?
A) Diarrhea lasting more than 48 hours
B) Diarrhea accompanied by severe pain
C) Diarrhea with blood or mucus in the stool
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
What is the first-line treatment for mild traveler’s diarrhea?
A) Antibiotics
B) Antiviral medications
C) Over-the-counter anti-diarrheal medication
D) Intravenous fluids
C) Over-the-counter anti-diarrheal medication
What is the most common cause of traveler’s diarrhea?
A) Food allergies
B) Viral infections
C) Bacterial infections
D) Parasitic infections
C) Bacterial infections
