Multicellularity

Question 1

Main components of a bacterial cell are:

Answer 1

• no membrane-bound nucleus
• no mitochondria or chloroplasts (energy-producing organelles)
• small size

Question 2

What are the three prokaryotic shapes

Answer 2

streptococcus, e. coli and streptomyces

Question 3

What kind of bacteria aggregate to form multicellular reproductive structures made of several cell types

Answer 3

myxobacteria

Question 4

How do bacteria reproduce?

Answer 4

Conjugation
- synthesize strand of membrane bound cytoplasm (PILI)
- once cells align, the plasmid (DNA) passes through the pili

Transformation
- dead cell DNA released into environment is taken by recipient cell

Transduction
- viruses with infected bacterial cells can INTEGRATE THEIR DNA into a host bacterial cell

Question 5

This bacteria flourishes in extreme environments but can also live in soil, lakes and oceans

Answer 5

Archaeon bacteria

Question 6

T/F the majority of bacteria is harmful

Answer 6

False

Question 7

T/F 21% of the GI tract is bacteria

Answer 7

True

Question 8

This cell type has a nucleus, dynamic cytoskeleton and membrane system

Answer 8

Eukaryotic cells

Question 9

What are the 5 unique features of eukaryotic cells?

Answer 9

1.) energy metabolism is confined to organelles (requires membrane stability)
2.) nuclear membrane separates translation and transcription
3.) vesicles from membranes transport materials into the by endocytosis and release material by exocytosis
4.) cytoskeleton allows cell to change shape by quick remodeling
5.) network of membranes can change shape, package molecules and particles for transport within the cell.

Question 10

T/F A amoebas is a eukaryote

Answer 10

True

Question 11

T/F eukaryotic cells don’t engulf molecules or particles during endocytosis

Answer 11

false (they DO, phagocytosis is the specific endocytosis that eukaryotic cells surround food particles)

Question 12

During sexual reproduction, between interphase and meiosis 1, what is created?

Answer 12

homologous chromosomes

Question 13

Describe the cell process in sexual reproduction

Answer 13

two sets of chromosomes

interphase where the chromosomes from both gametes combine/mix and create homologous chromosomes

meiosis 1 occurs where daughter nuclei are created

meiosis 2 is the final step where daughter nuclei 2 are created

Question 14

What are the 2 ways sex promotes genetic variation

Answer 14

meiotic cell division in gametes that are genetically unique

fertilization causes new combinations of genes brought together through the fusion of gametes

Question 15

What is the eukaryotic cell life in animals

Answer 15

zygote divides many times to form multicellular diploid bodies

small subset of cells will undergo meiotic cell division to form haploid gametes (egg/sperm)

Question 16

what is the eukaryotic cell life cycle in plants

Answer 16

a zygote grows with mitosis to create a reproductive cell

meiosis occurs, causing some spores and some to go onto grow with mitosis

mitosis makes those cells become gametes and fusion then occcurs

Zebras Make Reigns, Most Make Muffins, Grandma’s Favourite

Question 17

These properties are all properties of what?

1.) adhesion molecules makes adjacent cells stick together with little/no communication
2.) little differentiation of specialized cell types
3.) most cells will retain full range of functions
4.) every cell is in contact with the external environment

Answer 17

Simple Multicellularity

Question 18

The properties of complex multicellularity are?

Answer 18

1.) only evolved 6 times

2.) specialized structures from cell communication

3.) tissue/organ differentiation

4.) 3D organization (only some cells are in contact with external environment)

5.) require mechanisms to transfer environmental signals to cells for reposne

Question 19

Multicellularity evolved in which eukaryotic groups?

Answer 19

1.) animals
2.) green algae
3.) red algae
4.) brown algae
5.) fungi
6.) fungi (2 groups of fungi)

Question 20

This method of transport is defined as the molecules net movement from high concentration to low concentration

Answer 20

Diffusion

Question 21

Bulk transport is different from diffusion due to?

Answer 21

it requires molecules to move at rates not possible with diffusion

ex.) pumping oxygenated blood

Question 22

Adhesion is

Answer 22

cells dividing rapidly but staying stuck together

Question 23

Cadherins, integrins and other transmembrane proteins are examples of what

Answer 23

animal adhesion cells

Question 24

How do cells communicate?

Answer 24

all cells have transmembrane receptors that respond to signals from the environment

signaling molecules bind to receptor molecules which grants or inhibits an action

gap junctions are also used

Question 25

Difference between plants and animals complex multicellularity

Answer 25

plants:
- cell wall is made of cellulose
- no endocytosis
- growth confined to meristem
- site-specific cell division
- site-specific differentiation

animals:
- fertilized egg = blastula (ball of undifferentiated cells)
- signal gradient defines top/bottom/sides of cell
- not constrained; can form organs and moving parts