Animal Immune System Flashcards
module 6
T/F the liver, spleen and lymph nodes are sites of mature lymphocytes
True
What is innate immunity
- non-specific to pathogens
- no memory
- no specificity
- in all organisms
- mast cell, granulocytes, phagocytes and natural killer cell
what is adaptive immunity
- specific to a particular pathogen
-has specificity - has memory
- in vertebrates
- b cell and t cell
what are some physical barriers in mammals
skin
saliva
cilia
(low) stomach pH
what is the process of phagocytosis
1.) Recognition
- particle binds to receptor
2.) Engulfment
- neutrophil takes particle
3.) Digestion
- lysosomes fuse with the vesicle and digest the particle
what are phagocytes
immune cells that engulf and destroy foreign cells or particles
T/F macrophages “patrol” the body
True
What is included in granulocytes
neutrophil - often first response to infection
eosinophil - defends against parasitic infections and contribute to allergies
basophil - defends against parasitic infections and contribute to allergies
T/F phagocytes recognize foreign particles
true
What are the 4 classic signs of inflammation
1.) redness
2.) heat
3.) pain
4.) swelling
What is the process of inflammation
1.) bacteria/pathogens enter wound
2.) mast cells release histamine that increases blood flow (causing redness and swelling)
3.) immune system cells in tissue release cytokines that bind to recruit phagocytes in nearby vessels
4.) phagocytes enter the infected site from the blood and remove pathogens via phagocytosis
How do phagocytes in the blood move from a blood vessel to the site of infection?
EXTRAVASATION
1.) Rolling
- phagocyte travels along the inside of the vessel wall
2.) Adhesion
- the phagocyte binds to the vessel wall
3.) Extravasation
- phagocyte changes shape, exits the vessel and enters the surround tissue to travel to the site of damage
What is the complement system
a set of proteins that circulates in the blood and binds to molecules specific to microorganisms and antibodies (amplified response)
Does the adaptive immune response have specificity and memory
yes, (specificity = produces an array of molecules, each of which has the potential to target specific pathogen it hasn’t encountered) (memory = remembers past infections and mounts a stronger response on a re-exposure)
What are the primary types of cells in the adaptive immune system
B and T cells
T/F T cells produce antibodies
False: b cells produce antibodies that recognize antigens
What is an antibody
large protein found on the surface of B cells in blood or tissues
Why do antibodies and antigens bind
- first step in recognition and removal microorganisms
- binding alone can sometimes disable a microorganism
What are the 3 classes of antibodies
1.) IgG, IgD, and IgE (monomers)
- circulate in the blood
- effective against bacterial and viral infections
2.) IgM (pentamer)
- important for infections in mammals
3.) IgA (dimer)
- major antibody on mucosal surfaces
- present in tears, saliva and breast milk
What is the role of IgG
it is an antibody
circulate sin blood and effective against bacteria and viruses
What is the role of IgM
antibody
important in early response to infections
What is the role of IgA
major antibody in respiratory, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts
also present in secretions like tears, saliva and breast milk
What is the role of IgD
antibody typically found on the surface of B cells and help initiate inflammation
What is the role of IgE
antibody plays central role in allergies and asthma and other hypersensitive reactions
What is genomic rearrangement: heavy chain (H chain)
when a b cell differentiates, different gene segments are joined in a via genomic rearrangement which produces a specific antibody
for H chains, there are multiple gene segments
What is genomic rearrangement: light chain (L chain)
Same as H chain but no D gene segment
T/F B cells create genetic diversity
True
T/F B cells are affective against pathogens that have entered the cell
False: T cells are
How do T cells help other cells
they secrete cytokines that help activate b cells (which secrete antibodes, etc.)
Difference between helper and cytotoxic t cell
cytotoxic kills other cells, class 1, cell-surface glycoprotein = CD8
helper, class 2, cell-surface glycoprotein = CD4
How does the fly virus work
cause by RNA virus that infects mammals and birds
seasonal outbreaks/epidemics
spreads easily
3 main types; A, B, C
what is antigenic drift
it’s the change in the cell-surface proteins due to mutation;
high mutation rate of viruses allows a population of viruses to evolve and escape detection by memory B and T cells
