Animal Immune System

Question 1

T/F the liver, spleen and lymph nodes are sites of mature lymphocytes

Answer 1

True

Question 2

What is innate immunity

Answer 2

• non-specific to pathogens
• no memory
• no specificity
• in all organisms
• mast cell, granulocytes, phagocytes and natural killer cell

Question 3

what is adaptive immunity

Answer 3

• specific to a particular pathogen
  -has specificity
• has memory
• in vertebrates
• b cell and t cell

Question 4

what are some physical barriers in mammals

Answer 4

skin
saliva
cilia
(low) stomach pH

Question 5

what is the process of phagocytosis

Answer 5

1.) Recognition
- particle binds to receptor
2.) Engulfment
- neutrophil takes particle
3.) Digestion
- lysosomes fuse with the vesicle and digest the particle

Question 6

what are phagocytes

Answer 6

immune cells that engulf and destroy foreign cells or particles

Question 7

T/F macrophages “patrol” the body

Answer 7

True

Question 8

What is included in granulocytes

Answer 8

neutrophil - often first response to infection
eosinophil - defends against parasitic infections and contribute to allergies
basophil - defends against parasitic infections and contribute to allergies

Question 9

T/F phagocytes recognize foreign particles

Answer 9

true

Question 10

What are the 4 classic signs of inflammation

Answer 10

1.) redness
2.) heat
3.) pain
4.) swelling

Question 11

What is the process of inflammation

Answer 11

1.) bacteria/pathogens enter wound
2.) mast cells release histamine that increases blood flow (causing redness and swelling)
3.) immune system cells in tissue release cytokines that bind to recruit phagocytes in nearby vessels
4.) phagocytes enter the infected site from the blood and remove pathogens via phagocytosis

Question 12

How do phagocytes in the blood move from a blood vessel to the site of infection?

Answer 12

EXTRAVASATION

1.) Rolling
- phagocyte travels along the inside of the vessel wall
2.) Adhesion
- the phagocyte binds to the vessel wall
3.) Extravasation
- phagocyte changes shape, exits the vessel and enters the surround tissue to travel to the site of damage

Question 13

What is the complement system

Answer 13

a set of proteins that circulates in the blood and binds to molecules specific to microorganisms and antibodies (amplified response)

Question 14

Does the adaptive immune response have specificity and memory

Answer 14

yes, (specificity = produces an array of molecules, each of which has the potential to target specific pathogen it hasn’t encountered) (memory = remembers past infections and mounts a stronger response on a re-exposure)

Question 15

What are the primary types of cells in the adaptive immune system

Answer 15

B and T cells

Question 16

T/F T cells produce antibodies

Answer 16

False: b cells produce antibodies that recognize antigens

Question 17

What is an antibody

Answer 17

large protein found on the surface of B cells in blood or tissues

Question 18

Why do antibodies and antigens bind

Answer 18

• first step in recognition and removal microorganisms
• binding alone can sometimes disable a microorganism

Question 19

What are the 3 classes of antibodies

Answer 19

1.) IgG, IgD, and IgE (monomers)
- circulate in the blood
- effective against bacterial and viral infections
2.) IgM (pentamer)
- important for infections in mammals
3.) IgA (dimer)
- major antibody on mucosal surfaces
- present in tears, saliva and breast milk

Question 20

What is the role of IgG

Answer 20

it is an antibody

circulate sin blood and effective against bacteria and viruses

Question 21

What is the role of IgM

Answer 21

antibody

important in early response to infections

Question 22

What is the role of IgA

Answer 22

major antibody in respiratory, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts
also present in secretions like tears, saliva and breast milk

Question 23

What is the role of IgD

Answer 23

antibody typically found on the surface of B cells and help initiate inflammation

Question 24

What is the role of IgE

Answer 24

antibody plays central role in allergies and asthma and other hypersensitive reactions

Question 25

What is genomic rearrangement: heavy chain (H chain)

Answer 25

when a b cell differentiates, different gene segments are joined in a via genomic rearrangement which produces a specific antibody
for H chains, there are multiple gene segments

Question 26

What is genomic rearrangement: light chain (L chain)

Answer 26

Same as H chain but no D gene segment

Question 27

T/F B cells create genetic diversity

Answer 27

True

Question 28

T/F B cells are affective against pathogens that have entered the cell

Answer 28

False: T cells are

Question 29

How do T cells help other cells

Answer 29

they secrete cytokines that help activate b cells (which secrete antibodes, etc.)

Question 30

Difference between helper and cytotoxic t cell

Answer 30

cytotoxic kills other cells, class 1, cell-surface glycoprotein = CD8

helper, class 2, cell-surface glycoprotein = CD4

Question 31

How does the fly virus work

Answer 31

cause by RNA virus that infects mammals and birds
seasonal outbreaks/epidemics
spreads easily
3 main types; A, B, C

Question 32

what is antigenic drift

Answer 32

it’s the change in the cell-surface proteins due to mutation;
high mutation rate of viruses allows a population of viruses to evolve and escape detection by memory B and T cells